HTET Level 1 PRT cheat sheet

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0–2, object permanence), preoperational (2–7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7–11, conservation, classification), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent performance and performance with adult or peer support; scaffolding is temporary, faded support within the ZPD.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's school-age stage (6–12) is industry versus inferiority; success in tasks valued by others builds competence, repeated failure builds inferiority.

Krashen's distinction: acquisition is subconscious and meaning-focused; learning is conscious rule study. The affective filter (anxiety, low motivation) blocks intake.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create - higher-order objectives sit at analyse and above.

Formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic (feedback during learning); summative assessment is terminal and judgmental (grading at the end of a unit).

Inclusive education principle: adapt the curriculum, materials and assessment to the child rather than requiring the child to fit a fixed norm; identify barriers, not deficits.

Classical conditioning (Pavlov): neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus; operant conditioning (Skinner) is shaped by reinforcement and punishment contingencies.

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वरों का मेल), व्यंजन संधि (व्यंजन + स्वर/व्यंजन), विसर्ग संधि (विसर्ग का परिवर्तन)। उदाहरण: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ स्वर संधि)।

समास के भेद: तत्पुरुष (उत्तर पद प्रधान), कर्मधारय (विशेषण-विशेष्य), द्विगु (संख्यावाची पूर्व पद), द्वंद्व (दोनों पद प्रधान), बहुव्रीहि (अन्य पद प्रधान), अव्ययीभाव (पूर्व पद अव्यय)।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते या नए शब्द बनाते हैं (प्र + हार = प्रहार); प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया रूप बनाते हैं (लड़क + पन = लड़कपन)।

वाक्य भेद अर्थ के आधार पर: विधानवाचक, निषेधवाचक, प्रश्नवाचक, आज्ञावाचक, विस्मयादिबोधक, संदेहवाचक। रचना के आधार पर: सरल, संयुक्त, मिश्र।

रस के अंग: स्थायी भाव, विभाव, अनुभाव, संचारी भाव। नव रस और उनके स्थायी भाव - शृंगार (रति), हास्य (हास), करुण (शोक), रौद्र (क्रोध), वीर (उत्साह), भयानक (भय), बीभत्स (जुगुप्सा), अद्भुत (विस्मय), शांत (निर्वेद)।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्णों की आवृत्ति), यमक (एक शब्द भिन्न अर्थों में दोहराया), उपमा (समानता वाचक शब्द सहित), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), उत्प्रेक्षा (मानो/जनु)।

मुहावरे का अर्थ लक्ष्यार्थ में होता है, शब्दार्थ में नहीं; लोकोक्ति पूर्ण वाक्य के रूप में कहावत है।

हिंदी वर्णमाला: 11 स्वर, 33 व्यंजन (क से ह तक) तथा 2 संयुक्त व्यंजन (क्ष, त्र); अनुनासिक चंद्रबिंदु/अनुस्वार से, निरनुनासिक बिना।

कारक चिह्न: कर्ता ने, कर्म को, करण से/के द्वारा, संप्रदान के लिए, अपादान से (अलग होना), संबंध का/की/के, अधिकरण में/पर।

Tense-aspect grid: simple present (habit/fact), present continuous (now), present perfect (past act with present relevance, no definite past time), present perfect continuous (duration continuing).

Reported speech backshift: present→past, past→past perfect, will→would, can→could; time markers shift now→then, today→that day, tomorrow→the next day.

Conditionals: first (if + present, will + base), second (if + past, would + base), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle).

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'; keep tense and number agreement.

Articles: 'a/an' with singular countable nouns in general/indefinite use, 'the' for specific or unique referents and superlatives; zero article for plural/uncountable general statements.

Relative clauses: defining clauses are not comma-separated and take 'that'; non-defining clauses take commas and 'which/who', never 'that'.

Modals: must (obligation), should (advice), can (ability/permission), may (possibility/permission), might (remote possibility), ought to (moral duty).

Phonetics: English has 44 phonemes - 24 consonants and 20 vowels (12 pure vowels and 8 diphthongs); stress placement can change meaning (record noun vs record verb).

Figures of speech: simile uses like/as, metaphor asserts identity, personification gives human traits to non-human things, hyperbole is deliberate exaggeration, oxymoron joins contradictory terms.

Place value: in a numeral, each digit's value is digit × 10^(position from right, starting at 0); comparing numbers starts from the leftmost digit.

Divisibility: by 3 or 9 if the digit sum is divisible; by 4 if the last two digits are; by 8 if the last three digits are; by 5 if it ends in 0 or 5; by 11 if the alternating digit-sum difference is 0 or a multiple of 11.

Fractions: a/b + c/d = (ad + bc)/bd; a/b ÷ c/d = a/b × d/c; compare by cross-multiplication (ad vs bc).

Percentage: part = (percent/100) × whole; percentage change = (change/original) × 100; successive changes of a% and b% give a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100)^T; compound interest = amount − principal.

Area and perimeter: rectangle A = l × b, P = 2(l + b); triangle A = ½ × base × height; circle A = πr², C = 2πr; parallelogram A = base × height.

Volume: cuboid = l × b × h; cube = side³; cylinder = πr²h. Total surface area of a cube = 6 × side².

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; to find the missing value, use sum = average × count.

Ratio and proportion: a : b = c : d implies ad = bc; unitary method finds the value of one unit before scaling to the required quantity.

Digestive sequence: mouth (saliva, starch breakdown) → oesophagus → stomach (acid, protein) → small intestine (main absorption, bile and pancreatic juice) → large intestine (water absorption).

Blood circulation: oxygenated blood travels lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body; deoxygenated blood returns via vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs.

Photosynthesis: chlorophyll + sunlight + CO₂ + water → glucose + oxygen; occurs in chloroplasts, mainly in leaves.

Water cycle stages: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection/runoff.

Food-chain rule: producers (green plants) → primary consumers (herbivores) → secondary consumers (carnivores); decomposers break down dead matter and return nutrients to soil.

States of matter: solid (fixed shape and volume), liquid (fixed volume, takes container shape), gas (fills container); change of state involves heat gain or loss, not change of substance.

Communicable diseases spread by air (TB, common cold), water/food (cholera, typhoid), vectors (malaria by female Anopheles, dengue by Aedes), and contact.

Haryana geography: bounded by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi to the east, Rajasthan to the south and west; Yamuna forms much of the eastern boundary.

Renewable versus non-renewable: solar, wind, hydro, biomass are renewable; coal, petroleum, natural gas are fossil fuels and non-renewable.

Haryana was carved out of Punjab on 1 November 1966 on the recommendation of the Shah Commission; Chaudhary Bhagwat Dayal Sharma was its first Chief Minister.

Chandigarh is the shared capital of Haryana and Punjab; Faridabad is Haryana's most populous city, and Gurugram is a major IT and financial hub.

Districts number 22; the state is divided into divisions including Ambala, Hisar, Gurugram, Rohtak, Karnal and Faridabad.

Principal rivers: Yamuna (eastern border), Ghaggar (seasonal, inland drainage), and the Markanda and Tangri; the Sutlej touches the northern edge.

Historic sites: Kurukshetra (Mahabharata battlefield, Brahma Sarovar, Jyotisar), Panipat (three decisive battles in 1526, 1556 and 1761), Surajkund (craft mela), Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary.

Economy: Haryana is a leading producer of wheat, rice, mustard and sugarcane; the Green Revolution and canal plus tubewell irrigation transformed its agriculture.

State symbols and institutions: state bird - black francolin (kala teetar), state animal - blackbuck, state tree - peepal; Kurukshetra University and MDU Rohtak are major state universities.

Current-affairs rule for this exam: verify any figure, scheme name or appointment against the official HSSC/Haryana government notification for the exam year, since facts change annually.

Sports: Haryana has produced many Olympic medallists in wrestling, boxing and shooting; the state runs a sports policy with cash awards for medallists.

Speed–time–distance: distance = speed × time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18, and m/s to km/h multiply by 18/5.

Trains: time to pass a pole = train length / speed; time to pass a platform = (train length + platform length) / speed.

Work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days; work rate adds, time does not.

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100, always on cost price; successive discounts of a% and b% equal a + b − ab/100.

Boats and streams: downstream speed = boat + stream, upstream = boat − stream; boat speed = (down + up)/2, stream speed = (down − up)/2.

Number series and coding: check differences, ratios and squares/cubes first; in letter coding, fix the alphabet position (A = 1 … Z = 26) and test shift patterns.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender markers and vertical generation lines; 'only son of my mother' type clues resolve to self or sibling.

Direction sense: plot each move on a north-up grid; final displacement uses Pythagoras when the path turns at right angles.

Clock and calendar: hands coincide 11 times in 12 hours; angle = |30H − 5.5M|; a non-leap year shifts the day of the week by one, a leap year by two.