HTET Level 1 PRT flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable adult or peer.

Conservation (Piaget)

The understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement. It typically develops in the concrete operational stage, around ages seven to eleven.

Formative versus summative assessment

Formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic, giving feedback during learning. Summative assessment is terminal and judgmental, grading achievement at the end of a unit, term or course.

Classical versus operant conditioning

Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. Operant conditioning shapes voluntary behaviour through reinforcement and punishment consequences.

Inclusive education

An approach that adapts curriculum, teaching materials and assessment so that children with diverse needs learn in the same regular classroom, removing barriers rather than excluding learners.

स्वर संधि

दो स्वरों के मेल से होने वाला परिवर्तन स्वर संधि कहलाता है। जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय में आ + आ मिलकर दीर्घ आ बन गया।

बहुव्रीहि समास

वह समास जिसमें कोई भी पद प्रधान न होकर समस्त पद किसी तीसरे अर्थ का बोध कराता है। जैसे दशानन का अर्थ दस मुखों वाला रावण है।

उपमा अलंकार

जब उपमेय की तुलना उपमान से समानता सूचक शब्द जैसे सा, सी, सम, तुल्य के द्वारा की जाए तो उपमा अलंकार होता है।

मुहावरा और लोकोक्ति

मुहावरा वाक्यांश है जिसका अर्थ लक्ष्यार्थ में निकलता है, जैसे नौ दो ग्यारह होना। लोकोक्ति पूर्ण वाक्य रूप में प्रयुक्त कहावत है।

कर्मधारय समास

वह समास जिसमें पूर्व पद विशेषण और उत्तर पद विशेष्य होता है, अथवा दोनों पदों में उपमान-उपमेय संबंध होता है। जैसे नीलकमल, महात्मा।

Present perfect tense

Used for a past action with present relevance, or an action whose time is unspecified. It never takes a definite past time marker such as yesterday or last year.

Reported speech backshift

When the reporting verb is past, shift present to past, past to past perfect, will to would, can to could, and change now to then and tomorrow to the next day.

Non-defining relative clause

A clause giving extra, non-essential information about a noun, separated by commas. It uses who or which, never that, and can be removed without breaking the sentence.

Third conditional

A structure for unreal past situations: if plus past perfect in the condition clause, and would have plus past participle in the result clause.

Active to passive conversion

The object becomes the subject, the verb becomes be plus past participle, and the original subject follows by. Tense and number agreement must be preserved.

Divisibility rule for 9

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. The same digit-sum test with 3 checks divisibility by 3.

Compound interest formula

Compound interest equals P multiplied by (1 plus R over 100) raised to the power T, minus P, where P is principal, R the annual rate and T the time in years.

Circle area and circumference

For a circle of radius r, area equals pi times r squared and circumference equals two times pi times r. Using diameter d, area equals pi d squared divided by four.

Successive percentage change

Two successive changes of a percent and b percent give a net change of a plus b plus ab divided by 100. A discount followed by a discount always yields a net decrease.

Average and missing value

Average equals the sum of observations divided by their number. To find a missing observation, multiply the average by the count and subtract the known values.

Blood circulation path

Oxygenated blood goes from lungs to left atrium, left ventricle and aorta. Deoxygenated blood returns through the vena cava to the right atrium and right ventricle, then to the lungs.

Water cycle stages

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, transpiration from plants, condensation into clouds, precipitation as rain or snow, and collection in water bodies.

Malaria versus dengue vector

Malaria is transmitted by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito, while dengue is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, which typically bites during the day.

Food chain order

Energy flows from producers, the green plants, to primary consumers or herbivores, then to secondary consumers or carnivores. Decomposers break down dead matter and recycle nutrients.

Haryana state formation

Haryana became a separate state on 1 November 1966, carved out of Punjab on the Shah Commission's recommendation, with Bhagwat Dayal Sharma as first Chief Minister.

Kurukshetra significance

A Haryana district traditionally identified as the Mahabharata battlefield, containing Brahma Sarovar and Jyotisar. It hosts a major solar power plant and an international Gita festival.

Battles of Panipat

Three decisive battles were fought at Panipat in Haryana: 1526, where Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi; 1556, Akbar versus Hemu; and 1761, the Marathas versus Ahmad Shah Abdali.

Haryana state symbols

Haryana's state bird is the black francolin, the state animal is the blackbuck, and the state tree is the peepal. Chandigarh serves as the shared state capital.

Train passing a platform

The time a train takes to pass a platform equals the sum of train length and platform length divided by the train's speed, with units converted consistently.

Time and work formula

If A alone takes x days and B alone takes y days, working together they finish in xy divided by x plus y days, because their one-day work rates add.

Boats and streams speeds

Downstream speed equals boat speed plus stream speed, upstream equals boat minus stream. Boat speed is the average of the two, stream speed is half their difference.

Clock hand angle formula

At H hours and M minutes, the angle between the hour and minute hands equals the absolute value of 30H minus 5.5M, adjusted to the smaller angle below 180 degrees.