HTET Level 1 PRT key terms

Vygotsky's idea that a learner can master a task with adult or peer guidance before managing it alone. The gap between what a child does independently and what the child can do with support defines the teaching target.

Temporary support a teacher or capable peer gives while a child learns a skill, gradually withdrawn as competence grows. It works inside the zone of proximal development and may take the form of hints, models or prompts.

A view of learning in which children build understanding by connecting new experience to existing knowledge rather than receiving facts passively. Teaching therefore starts from the child's prior ideas and provides active, hands-on exploration.

A mental framework a learner uses to organise and interpret information. New material is understood by fitting it into existing schemas or by revising them when experience contradicts what the child already believes.

Piaget's two ways of adjusting to new information. Assimilation fits new experience into an existing schema; accommodation changes the schema itself when the old one no longer explains what the child encounters.

Four sequential stages: sensorimotor (birth to about 2 years), preoperational (2 to 7), concrete operational (7 to 11) and formal operational (11 onward). Each stage describes characteristic thinking, such as egocentrism or conservation.

The understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same when appearance changes, for example when water is poured into a taller glass. It typically develops in the concrete operational stage and underpins primary mathematics.

In Piaget's theory, the young child's difficulty in seeing a situation from another person's viewpoint. It explains why preoperational children may assume everyone shares their knowledge, and it fades with development.

Teaching that matches a child's age, individual needs and social context. It combines knowledge of typical development with observation of the particular child rather than applying one uniform standard to the whole class.

Variation among learners in ability, pace, interest, language background and temperament. Recognising these differences leads to differentiated tasks, flexible grouping and varied assessment instead of a single teaching route.

Arranging schooling so that children with disabilities or other disadvantages learn in mainstream classrooms with the support they need. It stresses removing barriers in curriculum and assessment rather than separating learners.

An assessment approach that covers scholastic and co-scholastic areas and is carried out throughout the year rather than only in term-end examinations. It uses observation, projects, portfolios and self-assessment alongside written tests.

Assessment used during teaching to find out what learners understand and to adjust instruction accordingly. Feedback is immediate and descriptive, and results feed back into planning rather than serving only for grading.

Assessment at the end of a unit, term or year that judges achievement against learning goals. It summarises what has been learned and is typically reported as marks or grades to learners and parents.

A persistent difficulty in acquiring specific academic skills, such as reading or arithmetic, despite adequate intelligence and teaching. It is not caused by sensory impairment or economic disadvantage and calls for targeted remedial support.

A specific learning difficulty affecting accurate and fluent word reading, spelling and decoding. A child may read slowly, reverse letters and struggle to sound out words while showing normal ability in other areas.

The force that starts and sustains effort towards a goal. Intrinsic motivation arises from interest and satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation depends on rewards or pressure; classroom tasks and feedback shape both.

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour recurring. Positive reinforcement adds something welcome, such as praise; negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant, such as a disliked task.

Skinner's account of learning in which behaviour is shaped by its consequences. Actions followed by reinforcement become more frequent, while those followed by punishment or no response become less frequent.

Gardner's proposal that intelligence is not one general capacity but several, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinaesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic abilities. Teachers use it to offer varied entry points.

The sound change that occurs where two words or morphemes meet in Hindi, often joining them into one written form. Examples include स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि and विसर्ग संधि, tested through identification and splitting.

The compounding of two or more words into a single Hindi noun, such as राजपुत्र or नीलकमल. Questions ask the candidate to name the compound type, for example तत्पुरुष, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि or अव्ययीभाव.

A prefix attached to a Hindi root that modifies its meaning, as in प्र + हार = प्रहार. Candidates are expected to recognise common prefixes such as अनु, अधि, उप, नि, प्र and वि.

A suffix added to a root or word to form a new word or inflected form in Hindi, for example कृदंत and तद्धित suffixes. Identifying the suffix and the resulting meaning is a frequent grammar item.

A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another Hindi word, such as जल, पानी and नीर. Vocabulary items ask the candidate to select the correct synonym from the given options.

A word expressing the opposite meaning of another Hindi word, such as दिन and रात or अच्छा and बुरा. Opposite-word questions test precise knowledge rather than general sense.

An idiomatic Hindi expression whose meaning cannot be derived from its individual words, such as आँख का तारा. Questions ask for the correct meaning or for the idiom suited to a given situation.

A traditional Hindi proverb or saying that carries folk wisdom, such as अंधों में काना राजा. Unlike an idiom, its sense is usually inferred from the whole familiar sentence.

The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language, for example the difference between /p/ and /b/ in English pat and bat. Phonemic awareness is a strong predictor of early reading success.

Teaching reading by linking letters and letter groups to the sounds they represent, so that learners decode unfamiliar words. It is most effective when combined with meaningful texts and comprehension work.

The smallest meaningful unit of a word, which may be free, as in book, or bound, as in the -s of books. Counting morphemes helps candidates answer questions on word formation and inflection.

Two rapid reading strategies. Skimming gives a quick overall impression of a text, while scanning locates a specific fact such as a date or name without reading every word.

A conclusion drawn from evidence in a text rather than stated directly. Comprehension questions often ask what a passage implies, requiring the reader to combine clues with background knowledge.

Two ways of presenting the same action. In the active voice the subject performs the action, as in The teacher explained the rule; in the passive voice the object becomes subject, as in The rule was explained by the teacher.

Two ways of reporting speech. Direct speech quotes the speaker's exact words within inverted commas, while indirect speech reports them with changes in pronouns, tense and time words, as in She said that she was tired.

The value a digit carries because of its position in a numeral, so the 3 in 3,450 stands for 3,000 while the 4 stands for 400. It is the foundation for regrouping and all written calculation.

Exchanging ten units of one place value for one unit of the next, as when borrowing in subtraction or carrying in addition. Concrete materials such as bundles of ten sticks make the idea visible.

A straight line on which numbers are placed at equal intervals, used to show order, addition, subtraction and later fractions and integers. Moving right increases value; moving left decreases it.

Fractions that name the same quantity, such as one half, two quarters and four eighths. They are produced by multiplying or dividing numerator and denominator by the same non-zero number.

Perimeter is the distance around a closed figure, while area is the surface it covers, measured in square units. Primary questions use rectangles and squares with straightforward formulae.

The sequence in which organisms pass energy by eating and being eaten, beginning with producers such as green plants and continuing through herbivores to carnivores. Arrows show the direction of energy flow.

Producers make their own food using sunlight, as green plants do; consumers obtain food by eating other organisms. Decomposers break down dead matter and return nutrients to the soil.

The natural place where an organism lives and finds food, water, shelter and space to breed. Different habitats, such as ponds, deserts and forests, support characteristic plants and animals.

A feature or behaviour that helps an organism survive in its surroundings, such as thick fur in cold regions or long roots in deserts. Adaptations develop over generations and match the habitat.

The continuous movement of water through evaporation from surfaces, condensation into clouds, precipitation as rain or snow, and collection in rivers, lakes and groundwater. It explains rainfall and the need to conserve water.

The presence in air of harmful substances such as smoke, dust and vehicle exhaust above natural levels. It affects health and crops, and its main sources include vehicles, industry and the burning of fuels.

A Bronze Age civilisation known from sites such as Rakhigarhi in present-day Haryana, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. Its features include planned streets, drainage, standardised bricks and undeciphered seals.

A district and historic plain in Haryana associated with the Mahabharata war and the discourse of the Bhagavad Gita. It remains a major pilgrimage centre and hosts a university of the same name.

The date 1 November 1966, when Haryana was carved out of the former Punjab on linguistic grounds. It is observed as Haryana Day and marks the start of the state's separate administration.

An annual crafts fair held at Surajkund in Faridabad district, usually in February. It showcases Indian and foreign handicrafts, folk arts and cuisine, and is among the state's best-known cultural events.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, and a proportion states that two ratios are equal. Unitary method and cross-multiplication solve most primary-level problems of this type.

The sum of a set of quantities divided by how many there are. Average problems often involve the effect of adding, removing or replacing one item on the overall mean.

A fraction expressed with denominator 100, written with the percent sign. Common exam tasks include finding a percentage of a number, percentage increase or decrease, and converting between fractions and percentages.

Interest calculated only on the original principal, using the formula principal × rate × time divided by 100. It does not compound, so the interest earned each year remains constant.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule, such as adding a constant, multiplying, or alternating two patterns. Candidates identify the rule and supply the missing or next term.

A reasoning task in which letters or words are replaced by a rule and the candidate must apply the same rule to a new word. Common rules involve shifting letters by a fixed number of places.

Reasoning problems that describe family links in words or symbols and ask how two people are related. Drawing a simple family tree with agreed symbols prevents confusion.