IPU CET BBA cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; phrases between them (with, along with, as well as) do not change the number of the subject.

Articles: 'a/an' precedes singular countable nouns; 'the' marks definite or unique reference (the sun, the Ganga); zero article with uncountable general nouns (water, honesty).

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to present; simple past requires a definite past time marker (yesterday, in 2019).

Prepositions of time: in (months, years, seasons), on (days, dates), at (clock times, night, noon).

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'; tense of the original is preserved.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense shifts to past, 'this' to 'that', 'today' to 'that day', 'tomorrow' to 'the next day'; questions use 'if/whether' or the wh-word with statement order.

Antonym/synonym strategy: use the word in a sentence to test meaning; root clues (bene-, mal-, anti-, pre-) narrow meaning without memorising lists.

Reading comprehension: the answer must be supported by the passage; eliminate options that are true in general but not stated in the text.

Percentage change: increase of x% then decrease of x% gives a net change of -x²/100 percent; successive changes multiply as (1±a/100)(1±b/100).

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP-CP)/CP × 100; when SP is same and profit% equals loss%, the seller always makes a net loss of (x/10)² percent.

Simple vs compound interest: SI = PRT/100; CI = P(1+R/100)^T − P; for two years the difference CI − SI = P(R/100)².

Speed: distance = speed × time; conversion 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; for equal distances at speeds a and b, average speed = 2ab/(a+b).

Time and work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x+y) days; efficiency is inversely proportional to time.

Ratio and mixture: in a mixture of milk and water, replacement by water of 1/n of the volume repeated k times leaves milk fraction (1−1/n)^k.

Mensuration: area of circle = πr², circumference = 2πr; volume of cylinder = πr²h; volume of sphere = (4/3)πr³; total surface area of cube = 6a².

Averages: new average after adding a value = (old sum + value)/new count; for consecutive numbers the average equals the middle term.

Permutation vs combination: arrangements use nPr = n!/(n−r)!; selections use nCr = n!/[r!(n−r)!]; nCr = nC(n−r).

Syllogism: a conclusion follows only if it is true in every possible Venn arrangement of the premises; 'some A are B' does not imply 'some B are A' fails - it does convert, but 'all A are B' does not convert to 'all B are A'.

Number series: check successive differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes or alternating patterns before assuming a single rule.

Coding-decoding: identify the shift pattern (letter position ±n, reversal, or position-based value) using two or three word-code pairs.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender markers; 'brother of my father's only son' resolves to the speaker himself or his brother.

Direction sense: track net displacement with a coordinate sketch; final distance uses Pythagoras when the path turns at right angles.

Seating arrangement: fix the most constrained clue first (a corner or an end seat), then place relative-position clues; circular arrangements of n people have (n−1)! distinct orders.

Statement–assumption/argument: an assumption is unstated but necessary for the statement; a strong argument is directly relevant and substantial, not a vague generalization.

Odd-one-out and analogy: classify by shared property (all primes, all units of measurement, all capitals) and reject the option that breaks the single common rule.

Fundamental duties and rights: the Indian Constitution lists six Fundamental Rights; the Right to Education (Article 21A) was added by the 86th Amendment, 2002.

RBI functions: monetary authority, issuer of currency, banker to government and banks; the repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends short-term funds to banks.

GDP vs GNP: GDP measures output within a country's borders; GNP = GDP + net factor income from abroad.

Inflation: measured in India mainly by CPI (retail) and WPI (wholesale); demand-pull inflation arises from excess aggregate demand, cost-push from rising input costs.

Business organisations: sole proprietorship has unlimited liability; a company has limited liability and separate legal identity; LLP combines limited liability with partnership flexibility.

Marketing mix: the 4 Ps are Product, Price, Place, Promotion; the extended services mix adds People, Process and Physical evidence.

Management functions: planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling; span of control refers to the number of subordinates reporting to one manager.

Indian economy landmarks: LPG reforms of 1991 liberalised trade and investment; GST launched on 1 July 2017 as a destination-based indirect tax.

Accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Capital; a balance sheet reports financial position at a date, while a profit and loss account reports performance over a period.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; phrases between them (with, along with, as well as) do not change the number of the subject.

Articles: 'a/an' precedes singular countable nouns; 'the' marks definite or unique reference (the sun, the Ganga); zero article with uncountable general nouns (water, honesty).

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to present; simple past requires a definite past time marker (yesterday, in 2019).

Prepositions of time: in (months, years, seasons), on (days, dates), at (clock times, night, noon).

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'; tense of the original is preserved.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense shifts to past, 'this' to 'that', 'today' to 'that day', 'tomorrow' to 'the next day'; questions use 'if/whether' or the wh-word with statement order.

Antonym/synonym strategy: use the word in a sentence to test meaning; root clues (bene-, mal-, anti-, pre-) narrow meaning without memorising lists.

Reading comprehension: the answer must be supported by the passage; eliminate options that are true in general but not stated in the text.

Percentage change: increase of x% then decrease of x% gives a net change of -x²/100 percent; successive changes multiply as (1±a/100)(1±b/100).

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP-CP)/CP × 100; when SP is same and profit% equals loss%, the seller always makes a net loss of (x/10)² percent.

Simple vs compound interest: SI = PRT/100; CI = P(1+R/100)^T − P; for two years the difference CI − SI = P(R/100)².

Speed: distance = speed × time; conversion 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; for equal distances at speeds a and b, average speed = 2ab/(a+b).

Time and work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x+y) days; efficiency is inversely proportional to time.

Ratio and mixture: in a mixture of milk and water, replacement by water of 1/n of the volume repeated k times leaves milk fraction (1−1/n)^k.

Mensuration: area of circle = πr², circumference = 2πr; volume of cylinder = πr²h; volume of sphere = (4/3)πr³; total surface area of cube = 6a².

Averages: new average after adding a value = (old sum + value)/new count; for consecutive numbers the average equals the middle term.

Permutation vs combination: arrangements use nPr = n!/(n−r)!; selections use nCr = n!/[r!(n−r)!]; nCr = nC(n−r).

Syllogism: a conclusion follows only if it is true in every possible Venn arrangement of the premises; 'all A are B' does not convert to 'all B are A'.

Number series: check successive differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes or alternating patterns before assuming a single rule.

Coding-decoding: identify the shift pattern (letter position ±n, reversal, or position-based value) using two or three word-code pairs.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender markers; 'brother of my father's only son' resolves to the speaker himself or his brother.

Direction sense: track net displacement with a coordinate sketch; final distance uses Pythagoras when the path turns at right angles.

Seating arrangement: fix the most constrained clue first (a corner or an end seat), then place relative-position clues; circular arrangements of n people have (n−1)! distinct orders.

Statement–assumption/argument: an assumption is unstated but necessary for the statement; a strong argument is directly relevant and substantial, not a vague generalization.

Odd-one-out and analogy: classify by shared property (all primes, all units of measurement, all capitals) and reject the option that breaks the single common rule.

Fundamental rights and duties: the Indian Constitution lists six Fundamental Rights; the Right to Education (Article 21A) was added by the 86th Amendment, 2002.

RBI functions: monetary authority, issuer of currency, banker to government and banks; the repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends short-term funds to banks.

GDP vs GNP: GDP measures output within a country's borders; GNP = GDP + net factor income from abroad.

Inflation: measured in India mainly by CPI (retail) and WPI (wholesale); demand-pull inflation arises from excess aggregate demand, cost-push from rising input costs.

Business organisations: sole proprietorship has unlimited liability; a company has limited liability and separate legal identity; LLP combines limited liability with partnership flexibility.

Marketing mix: the 4 Ps are Product, Price, Place, Promotion; the extended services mix adds People, Process and Physical evidence.

Management functions: planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling; span of control refers to the number of subordinates reporting to one manager.

Indian economy landmarks: LPG reforms of 1991 liberalised trade and investment; GST launched on 1 July 2017 as a destination-based indirect tax.

Accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Capital; a balance sheet reports financial position at a date, while a profit and loss account reports performance over a period.