IPU CET BBA flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Subject-verb agreement

A verb agrees in number with its subject, not with nouns in intervening phrases. 'The list of items is long' is correct because the subject 'list' is singular.

Present perfect tense

Formed with has/have plus past participle. It describes an action completed at an unspecified time or continuing to the present, as in 'She has finished her work'.

Active to passive voice

The object becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of 'be' plus past participle, and the doer follows 'by'. 'Ravi wrote the letter' becomes 'The letter was written by Ravi'.

Indirect speech tense shift

When reporting speech after a past reporting verb, present becomes past, past becomes past perfect, and time words shift: today becomes that day, tomorrow becomes the next day.

Inference versus stated fact

An inference is a conclusion logically drawn from the passage; a stated fact appears directly in the text. Comprehension answers must rest on the passage, not on outside knowledge.

Prepositions of time

Use 'in' for months, years and seasons, 'on' for days and dates, and 'at' for clock times and expressions like night and noon.

Homophone confusion

Words that sound alike but differ in spelling and meaning, such as their, there and they're, or principal and principle. Choose by grammatical role in the sentence.

Percentage net change

A rise of x percent followed by a fall of x percent leaves a net decrease of x squared divided by 100 percent. A 20 percent rise then fall gives a 4 percent loss.

Successive percentage change formula

For changes a and b percent, the net change is a + b + ab/100 percent. Two successive 10 percent increases give 21 percent, not 20 percent.

Compound interest formula

Amount equals principal multiplied by (1 + R/100) raised to the power T. Compound interest is the amount minus the principal, so interest is charged on interest.

Simple interest formula

Simple interest equals principal times rate times time divided by 100. Interest is calculated only on the original principal and stays constant each year.

Average speed for equal distances

When two equal distances are covered at speeds a and b, average speed is 2ab divided by (a + b). It is not the arithmetic mean of the two speeds.

Time and work combined rate

If A alone takes x days and B takes y days, working together they finish in xy divided by (x + y) days, because their one-day work adds.

Profit percentage formula

Profit percent equals selling price minus cost price, divided by cost price, multiplied by 100. It is always calculated on cost price unless stated otherwise.

nCr and nPr

nPr equals n factorial divided by (n minus r) factorial and counts ordered arrangements. nCr equals nPr divided by r factorial and counts unordered selections.

Volume of a cylinder

The volume of a cylinder equals pi times the square of the radius times the height. Its curved surface area equals two pi times radius times height.

Ratio replacement formula

Replacing one-nth of a mixture with water k times leaves the original liquid fraction as (1 minus 1/n) raised to k, applied to the initial quantity.

Syllogism validity rule

A conclusion is valid only if it holds in every possible diagram of the premises. A possibility that contradicts one arrangement makes the conclusion invalid.

Conversion of categorical statements

'All A are B' does not convert to 'All B are A'. 'Some A are B' converts to 'Some B are A'. 'No A is B' converts to 'No B is A'.

Circular arrangement count

The number of distinct seating orders of n people around a circle is (n minus 1) factorial, because rotations of the same order are not counted separately.

Direction sense with Pythagoras

After tracing a path of right-angled turns, the straight-line distance from start to finish is the square root of the sum of squared net horizontal and vertical displacements.

Blood relation tree method

Draw each person as a node and label relations with gender symbols. Resolve phrases from the innermost relation outward to avoid confusing generations.

Strong versus weak argument

A strong argument is directly relevant to the statement and carries substantial weight. A weak argument is vague, remote, or based only on popular opinion.

Number series difference method

Take successive differences; if they are constant the series is arithmetic. If differences grow steadily, check second differences or ratios before testing squares and cubes.

Coding by letter position

Each letter is replaced by the letter a fixed number of places away in the alphabet. Comparing two coded words reveals the shift and its direction.

Odd-one-out by property

Find the single shared property of most options, such as all being prime numbers or all being state capitals, then select the option that lacks it.

Repo rate

The rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against securities. Raising it typically reduces liquidity and cools inflation.

GDP versus GNP

GDP measures output produced within a country's borders. GNP equals GDP plus net factor income from abroad, so it counts residents' income wherever earned.

Marketing mix four Ps

Product, Price, Place and Promotion. They are the controllable elements a firm combines to reach its target market and position its offering.

Limited liability company

A registered company is a separate legal entity, so shareholders' liability is limited to unpaid capital on their shares, unlike a sole proprietor's unlimited liability.

Accounting equation

Assets equal liabilities plus capital. Every transaction keeps this balance, which underlies the balance sheet prepared at a particular date.

Demand-pull inflation

Inflation caused by aggregate demand growing faster than the economy's output. It is distinct from cost-push inflation, which follows rising input or wage costs.

Span of control

The number of subordinates who report directly to one manager. A wide span produces a flat organisation with fewer management layers.