J&K Police Constable cheat sheet

Constitutional offices: President is elected by an Electoral College (elected MPs and elected MLAs of States/UTs with legislature); the Vice-President is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament only.

Article 356 (President's Rule) requires parliamentary approval within 2 months and remains valid for 6 months at a time, extendable up to a maximum of 3 years.

National symbols: National Bird Indian peafowl, National Animal Bengal tiger, National Flower Lotus, National Fruit Mango, National River Ganga, National Aquatic Animal Ganges river dolphin.

J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019 came into force on 31 October 2019, creating two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir (with a legislature) and Ladakh (without a legislature).

Supreme Court strength: 34 judges including the Chief Justice (raised from 31 by the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Act, 2019).

Firsts to remember: First woman IPS officer of India Kiran Bedi; first Indian Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore (Literature, 1913); first Indian to win an individual Olympic gold Abhinav Bindra (2008).

Important days: National Police Commemoration Day 21 October; National Unity Day 31 October; Constitution Day 26 November; Human Rights Day 10 December.

Election Commission is a constitutional body (Article 324); NITI Aayog, NHRC and CBI are statutory/executive bodies, not constitutional bodies.

Instrument of Accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh on 26 October 1947; Article 370 was inserted by the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 route and was effectively abrogated on 5-6 August 2019.

J&K geography: Jhelum, Chenab (Chandrabhaga) and Ravi rise in the region; Wular Lake on the Jhelum is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia; Dal Lake lies at Srinagar.

Passes: Banihal (Pir Panjal, connects Jammu with Kashmir Valley), Zoji La (Srinagar-Leh route), Khardung La (Ladakh), Nathu La is in Sikkim, not J&K.

Pir Panjal range separates the Jammu region from the Kashmir Valley; the Shivalik range forms the southernmost foothills; Karakoram lies in the far north-east (Ladakh).

Cities and rivers: Srinagar on the Jhelum; Jammu on the Tawi; Anantnag in the Jhelum valley; Leh on the Indus; Katra is the base for the Vaishno Devi shrine.

Tourist and cultural sites: Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Sonamarg, Yusmarg; Shankaracharya Temple and Hazratbal in Srinagar; Raghunath Temple in Jammu; Martand Sun Temple in Anantnag district.

J&K High Court was established in 1928 at Srinagar; it exercises jurisdiction over the UT of J&K and UT of Ladakh.

Lakes: Wular (largest freshwater), Dal, Manasbal, Nigeen in the Valley; Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri are in Ladakh; Surinsar and Mansar are in Jammu.

Average = Sum of observations / Number of observations; if a person of weight w replaces one of weight w' in a group of n, new average = old average + (w - w')/n.

Percentage change: increase by x% then decrease by x% gives a net decrease of x²/100 percent; successive changes a% and b% give net change a + b + ab/100.

Profit and loss: SP = CP × (100 + profit%)/100; if two articles are sold at the same price with equal profit% and loss%, the seller always incurs a loss of (common%/10)².

Simple interest SI = PRT/100; compound interest CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P; for 2 years the difference CI − SI = P(R/100)².

Time and work: if A does a job in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days; work done in one day = 1/x + 1/y.

Speed: Distance = Speed × Time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18; a train of length L crossing a platform of length P takes (L + P)/speed.

Ratio and mixtures: in an alloy or mixture of total T in ratio a:b, quantity of first part = T × a/(a + b); alligation rule gives ratio = (mean price − cheaper)/(dearer − mean price).

Mensuration: area of circle πr², circumference 2πr; volume of cylinder πr²h; volume of sphere (4/3)πr³; area of triangle by Heron's formula √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)] with s = (a+b+c)/2.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes and alternating patterns (e.g., +3, ×2, +5, ×2) before assuming a prime-based rule.

Coding-decoding: in letter-shift codes, map each letter to its position (A=1 … Z=26); a constant shift is a Caesar code, and a reversal code mirrors positions from the ends.

Blood relations: draw a family tree using + for male, − for female and horizontal lines for siblings; 'brother of my father's only son' is the speaker himself.

Direction sense: use a compass sketch; net displacement after turns is found by vector addition, and final facing direction depends on total rotation mod 360°.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; conclusions must hold in every possible Venn arrangement of the premises.

Analogy and classification: identify the relation type (part-whole, cause-effect, worker-tool, synonym) before choosing the matching pair; in odd-one-out, test a single property applied uniformly.

Seating arrangement: for linear arrangements fix the ends first; for circular arrangements fix one person's position and treat clockwise/anticlockwise as distinct unless stated otherwise.

Calendar and clock: an ordinary year has 1 odd day, a leap year 2; the hands of a clock coincide 11 times in 12 hours and are opposite 11 times in 12 hours.

Subject-verb agreement: 'one of + plural noun' takes a singular verb; 'each', 'every', 'either', 'neither' are singular; 'none' may be singular or plural depending on the noun it refers to.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' with superlatives, unique objects, rivers, ranges and ordinals.

Prepositions of time: in (months, years, seasons), on (days, dates), at (clock time, night, noon); 'since' with a point of time, 'for' with a duration.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, and the agent is introduced by 'by'; tense of the auxiliary follows the original tense.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense becomes past, 'this' becomes 'that', 'today' becomes 'that day', and questions become statements with if/whether or the wh-word.

Common confusions: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); principal (chief) vs principle (rule); stationary (not moving) vs stationery (writing material); lie (recline) vs lay (place).

Idioms for comprehension: 'at the eleventh hour' means at the last moment; 'to burn the midnight oil' means to study or work late; 'a bolt from the blue' means a sudden shock.

One-word substitutions: 'altruist' (one who lives for others), 'philanthropist' (lover of mankind), 'misanthrope' (hater of mankind), 'epitaph' (words on a tomb), 'illegible' (cannot be read).

Hardware basics: CPU has ALU, Control Unit and registers; RAM is volatile primary memory, ROM is non-volatile; cache is faster than RAM, which is faster than secondary storage.

Units: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB; 1 TB = 1024 GB.

Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+F find, Alt+F4 close window.

File systems and extensions: .exe executable, .docx Word document, .xlsx spreadsheet, .pptx presentation, .pdf portable document, .jpg/.png images, .mp3 audio.

Networking: IP address identifies a device on a network; HTTP/HTTPS are web protocols (HTTPS is encrypted); URL is a web address; DNS translates domain names to IP addresses.

Security: phishing is a fraudulent message that steals credentials; a firewall filters network traffic; antivirus detects malware; strong passwords mix case, digits and symbols.

Software types: system software (operating systems such as Windows, Linux, Android) vs application software (browsers, word processors); open-source software has publicly available source code.

Internet terms: WWW is the web, a browser is client software (Chrome, Firefox), a search engine indexes pages, and email uses the format username@domain.

BNS, BNSS and BSA replaced the IPC, CrPC and Indian Evidence Act respectively with effect from 1 July 2024; the new criminal laws apply across India including UTs.

Arrest without warrant by a police officer is permitted for a cognizable offence under BNSS (successor to CrPC Section 41); a person arrested must be informed of the grounds of arrest and produced before a Magistrate within 24 hours.

FIR: information about a cognizable offence is recorded under BNSS Section 173 (successor to CrPC Section 154); for a non-cognizable offence, an entry is made in the station diary and the informant is referred to the Magistrate.

Zero FIR can be registered at any police station irrespective of jurisdiction, and the case is then transferred to the station having jurisdiction.

Investigation and charge sheet: investigation is conducted by an officer in charge of a police station or a subordinate officer; the final report is filed before the Magistrate under BNSS (successor to CrPC Section 173).

Evidence basics: 'may presume', 'shall presume' and 'conclusive proof' are defined in the BSA (successor to Evidence Act Sections 4); dying declaration is relevant under the BSA (successor to Section 32 of the Evidence Act).

Human rights: the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 established the NHRC and State Human Rights Commissions; custodial torture and encounter killings are human rights violations and are investigated under the law.

Key IPC/BNS offences for policing: murder (IPC 302 / BNS 103), theft (IPC 378-379 / BNS 303), robbery (IPC 392 / BNS 309), rioting (IPC 147 / BNS 191) - always verify the exact BNS section before citing it in a report.

BMI = weight in kg / (height in metres)²; adult categories: underweight below 18.5, normal 18.5-24.9, overweight 25-29.9, obese 30 and above.

Target heart rate for moderate exercise is about 50-70% of maximum heart rate; maximum heart rate is approximately 220 minus age in years.

Punjab Police and similar forces' physical tests commonly include running, long jump, high jump and shot put; J&K Police recruitment tests include a 1600 m run, long jump, high jump, shot put and a written examination.

First aid: for a fracture, immobilise the limb and do not attempt to realign; for burns, cool with running water and do not apply oil or toothpaste; for bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean cloth.

CPR basics: check responsiveness and breathing, call for help, give chest compressions at about 100-120 per minute at a depth of about 5-6 cm for adults, with a compression-to-breath ratio of 30:2.

Dehydration and heat illness: symptoms include dizziness, dark urine and cramps; give oral rehydration solution and move the person to shade; heat stroke is an emergency requiring rapid cooling.

Nutrition: a balanced diet supplies carbohydrates (energy), proteins (growth and repair), fats (energy and insulation), vitamins and minerals; iodised salt prevents goitre and vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness.

Communicable diseases: tuberculosis spreads through droplets and is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; malaria spreads through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito; dengue through Aedes aegypti.