J&K Police Constable key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, such as equality, speech, and life. Courts can enforce them against the State through writ petitions.

A constitutional provision that gave Jammu and Kashmir special autonomous status until it was effectively revoked in August 2019, when the state was reorganised into two Union Territories.

The legal document signed in October 1947 by which the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India, forming the constitutional basis of the state's relationship with the Union.

A region administered directly by the central government through an appointed Lieutenant Governor or Administrator, rather than having its own elected state government with full powers.

A local self-government body at the village level, elected by residents and responsible for local development and civic functions under the constitutional framework for rural governance.

An elected body at the district level in Jammu and Kashmir that plans and monitors development work, created after the reorganisation of the erstwhile state in 2020.

The de facto boundary dividing Indian-administered and Pakistani-administered parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, monitored by security forces on both sides.

An act of firing across an agreed border or line, such as the Line of Control, by one side in breach of a truce agreement between the opposing forces.

First Information Report: the written record police prepare when they first receive information about a cognizable offence, which sets the investigation process in motion.

A crime for which police may register a case and arrest a suspect without a magistrate's prior permission or warrant, such as murder or robbery.

An offence for which police cannot investigate or arrest without a magistrate's order, typically less serious crimes such as simple hurt or public nuisance.

A first information report registered at any police station regardless of where the crime occurred, later transferred to the station with proper jurisdiction for investigation.

A document prepared when police arrest a person, recording the time, place, grounds, and names of witnesses, and attested by a family member or respectable local person.

The judicial process by which a magistrate authorises continued detention of an arrested person in custody while investigation or trial proceeds, usually for a fixed period.

Release of an accused person from custody, often with conditions or surety, pending trial or further proceedings, on the court's satisfaction that attendance will be ensured.

A direction by a court granting bail in advance to a person who apprehends arrest in a non-bailable offence, protecting them from immediate custody.

A serious offence in which bail is not a matter of right and can be granted only by a court after considering the facts and circumstances of the case.

The final report police file before a magistrate after investigation, listing the accused, the offences, and the evidence collected, on which trial proceeds.

The systematic process police follow to collect evidence, examine witnesses, and identify suspects after a crime is reported, culminating in a police report to the court.

A statement in which an accused admits guilt. A confession made to police is generally inadmissible, while a confession before a magistrate may be recorded with safeguards.

A statement made by a person about the cause of their death or the circumstances leading to it, admissible as evidence even though the maker cannot be cross-examined.

The duty of a party in a case to prove its assertions with evidence; in criminal trials, the prosecution generally bears this duty beyond reasonable doubt.

The death of a person while in police or judicial custody, which must be reported, investigated, and inquired into under human rights safeguards and legal procedures.

Basic entitlements inherent to every person, such as life, liberty, dignity, and fair treatment, which public authorities including police are duty-bound to protect.

A formal application to a High Court or the Supreme Court asking it to enforce fundamental rights or issue orders such as habeas corpus against unlawful detention.

A writ requiring a person detaining another to produce the detainee before a court and justify the detention, used to protect against unlawful custody.

An enforcement approach in which even minor offences are strictly prosecuted, intended to deter more serious crime and maintain public order in an area.

A strategy in which police work closely with residents, local bodies, and volunteers to prevent crime, build trust, and resolve neighbourhood problems collaboratively.

A comparison of two quantities by division and the statement that two such comparisons are equal, commonly used to solve sharing and scaling problems.

A fraction expressed as a part per hundred, useful for comparing quantities, calculating discounts, and solving increase or decrease problems quickly.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values, used to summarise data and solve problems involving equal distribution or combined groups.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for a period, without compounding, using the product of principal, rate, and time divided by one hundred.

Interest calculated on both the original principal and previously earned interest, causing the amount to grow faster than under simple interest over time.

A form of logical reasoning with two or more premises leading to a conclusion, tested by checking whether the conclusion necessarily follows from the given statements.

A reasoning topic in which family relationships are described through statements or symbols, and the candidate must determine how two people are related.

A reasoning exercise where words or numbers are converted into a pattern-based code, and the candidate must decode messages or apply the same rule to new input.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context, tested to assess vocabulary and precise word usage.

A word with a meaning opposite to another word, used in language tests to check understanding of contrast in meaning and vocabulary range.

Two ways of presenting a sentence depending on whether the subject performs the action or receives it, often tested through transformation exercises.

Two ways of reporting what someone said: quoting the exact words, or reporting the meaning with changes in pronouns, tense, and time references.

System software that manages computer hardware, memory, files, and programs, providing the environment in which applications run and users interact with the machine.

Random Access Memory: fast, temporary storage the computer uses to hold data and programs currently in use, cleared when the power is switched off.

A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic according to set rules, helping block unauthorised access to a computer or network.

A cybercrime in which attackers impersonate a trusted entity through fake messages or websites to trick people into revealing passwords, bank details, or other sensitive information.

Verification of identity using unique physical characteristics such as fingerprints, iris patterns, or facial features, increasingly used in policing and identity systems.