Karnataka Police Constable cheat sheet

Karnataka has 31 districts; the newest are Vijayanagara (2018, HQ Hospet) and Vijayanagara was carved from Ballari.

Karnataka capitals: Mysore was capital until 1956; Bengaluru became capital of the reorganised Mysore State, renamed Karnataka on 1 November 1973.

National symbols: national bird Indian peafowl, national animal Bengal tiger, national flower lotus, national fruit mango, national river Ganga.

Karnataka state symbols: bird Indian roller (neelakanta), animal Asian elephant, flower lotus, tree sandalwood, butterfly Southern birdwing.

Firsts in Karnataka: first Kannada woman graduate and doctor - Anandibai Joshi was Maharashtrian; Karnataka's first woman graduate was Anandamma; verify names before answering.

Constitutional/statutory bodies: UPSC, Election Commission, CAG, Finance Commission, NITI Aayog (non-statutory), NHRC (statutory, 1993).

Awards: Bharat Ratna (highest civilian), Param Vir Chakra (highest military), Jnanpith (literature); Kannada Jnanpith winners include Kuvempu, D.R. Bendre, V.K. Gokak, U.R. Ananthamurthy, Girish Karnad, Chandrashekhara Kambara.

Sports: Karnataka is associated with cricket (Bengaluru's Chinnaswamy Stadium) and has produced players such as Rahul Dravid and Anil Kumble.

Current affairs approach: for date-sensitive facts (budgets, appointments, schemes), rely on the exam's specified cut-off date; static facts above are stable.

SI units: force newton (N), work/energy joule (J), power watt (W), pressure pascal (Pa), frequency hertz (Hz), electric charge coulomb (C).

Newton's laws: F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction; a body stays at rest or uniform motion unless acted on by a net force.

Ohm's law: V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R; resistors in series add; in parallel 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂; occurs in chloroplasts, chlorophyll is the pigment.

Human body: normal body temperature ~37 °C (98.6 °F); blood pH ~7.4; adult has 206 bones; largest organ is skin.

Blood groups: A, B, AB, O; O negative is the universal donor for red cells; AB positive is the universal recipient.

Chemical facts: pH < 7 acidic, = 7 neutral, > 7 basic; litmus turns red in acid, blue in base; water boils at 100 °C at 1 atm.

Vitamins: A (vision), B-complex (metabolism), C (ascorbic acid, scurvy), D (bones, rickets), K (clotting).

Indus Valley Civilisation (~2600–1900 BCE mature phase): Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal (dockyard), Kalibangan, Dholavira; script undeciphered.

Mauryan Empire: Chandragupta Maurya (321 BCE), Ashoka (268–232 BCE), Kalinga war 261 BCE; Ashoka's edicts in Prakrit/Brahmi.

Gupta period (4th–6th century CE) called the Golden Age; Aryabhata, Kalidasa associated.

Delhi Sultanate: Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi dynasties (1206–1526); First Battle of Panipat 1526 founded Mughal rule.

Karnataka dynasties: Kadambas of Banavasi (first Kannada kingdom), Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra, Vijayanagara (1336, Harihara and Bukka), Bahmani Sultanate.

Vijayanagara: founded 1336 on Tungabhadra; Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529) author of Amuktamalyada; Battle of Talikota/Rakshasa-Tangadi 1565 ended its dominance.

Mysore Kingdom: Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan; four Anglo-Mysore wars; Tipu died 1799 at Srirangapatna.

Karnataka unification: States Reorganisation Act 1956 created Mysore State from Kannada-speaking areas; renamed Karnataka 1 November 1973.

Constitution adopted 26 November 1949, came into force 26 January 1950; Constituent Assembly chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights: Articles 12–35, six categories; Article 32 (right to constitutional remedies) called the heart and soul of the Constitution by Ambedkar.

Directive Principles: Articles 36–51, non-justiciable; Fundamental Duties Article 51A (added by 42nd Amendment, 1976).

President: elected indirectly, term 5 years, Article 52–62; impeachment under Article 61. Prime Minister heads the Council of Ministers (Article 74).

Parliament: Lok Sabha (max 552) and Rajya Sabha (max 250); Money Bill defined in Article 110, introduced only in Lok Sabha with President's recommendation.

Judiciary: Supreme Court Article 124; High Court Article 214; writs under Article 32 and 226 (habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, quo warranto).

Amendments: Article 368; Kesavananda Bharati (1973) established the basic structure doctrine.

Karnataka legislature: bicameral - Legislative Assembly (Vidhana Sabha) and Legislative Council (Vidhana Parishad); state has 28 Lok Sabha seats.

India: area 3.28 million km², 7th largest; latitudinal extent 8°4′N–37°6′N, longitudinal 68°7′E–97°25′E; Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states.

Physiographic divisions: Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains, Islands; highest peak Kanchenjunga (8,586 m).

Rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri; west-flowing Narmada and Tapi form estuaries, not deltas.

Karnataka: area ~191,791 km², 8th largest state; divided into coastal Karavali, Malnad (Western Ghats), and Maidan plateau.

Karnataka rivers: Krishna, Kaveri, Tungabhadra, Sharavathi, Kali, Netravati; Sharavathi (Jog Falls) is a major west-flowing river.

Karnataka peaks: Mullayanagiri (highest, ~1,930 m), Kudremukh, Baba Budangiri; Western Ghats are a UNESCO biodiversity hotspot.

Karnataka borders: Maharashtra (N), Goa (NW), Kerala (SW), Tamil Nadu (S), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (E).

Climate: Karnataka's coast receives heavy monsoon rain (Agumbe among wettest); Maidan is semi-arid; soils include red, black, laterite.

GDP basics: GDP = C + I + G + (X − M); nominal vs real GDP; GDP deflator = nominal/real × 100.

Inflation measured by CPI (retail) and WPI (wholesale); RBI targets CPI inflation at 4% ± 2%.

RBI: established 1935, nationalised 1949; monetary tools - repo rate, reverse repo, CRR, SLR, open market operations.

Five-Year Plans ran 1951–2017; NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015.

Taxes: direct (income, corporate) vs indirect (GST, customs); GST launched 1 July 2017 with slabs 5/12/18/28%.

Karnataka economy: Bengaluru is a major IT/startup hub; the state is a leading software exporter and contributes significantly to national GDP.

Karnataka sectors: agriculture (ragi, coffee, sugarcane, silk), mining (iron ore in Ballari, Kolar gold historically), manufacturing (aerospace, automobiles).

Karnataka firsts: first state to enact an IT policy and to have a unicorn-heavy startup base; Krish Bhagya and Upper Krishna irrigation projects are major.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes; e.g., 2, 6, 12, 20 follows n(n+1).

Alphabet positions: A=1 … Z=26; reverse position = 27 − position; useful for coding-decoding.

Coding-decoding: identify shift (+k, −k) or reversal; apply consistently to the target word.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; use +/− for gender and horizontal/vertical lines for siblings/parents.

Direction sense: fix North up; right turn = clockwise 90°, left turn = anticlockwise 90°; use Pythagoras for shortest distance.

Odd one out: look for shared property (prime, square, all vowels, same category); eliminate the exception.

Syllogism: use Venn diagrams; 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; only conclusions true in every diagram are valid.

Clock and calendar: angle between hands = |30H − 5.5M| degrees; odd days method gives day of week.

Percentage: x% of N = (x/100)×N; percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100.

Profit and loss: profit% = profit/CP × 100; SP = CP(1 + profit%/100); discount is on marked price.

Simple interest SI = PRT/100; compound interest A = P(1 + R/100)^T; CI = A − P.

Time-speed-distance: distance = speed × time; average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x + y).

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; partnership profit shares follow capital × time.

Averages: average = sum/count; new average after adding a value = (old sum + value)/(n + 1).

Mensuration: area circle πr², circumference 2πr; rectangle lb; triangle ½bh; volume cylinder πr²h, sphere (4/3)πr³.

LCM/HCF: LCM × HCF = product of two numbers; use prime factorisation for both.

Pipes and cisterns/work: rate = 1/time; combined rate adds; time together = xy/(x + y).

Kannada script derives from the Kadamba/Brahmi lineage; it is an abugida where each consonant carries an inherent vowel 'a'.

Vowel signs (swara) and consonants (vyanjana): 14 vowels, 34 consonants in standard classification.

Sandhi: joining of words with sound change, e.g., 'mane' + 'inda' → 'maneyinda'; recognise common sandhi types in passages.

Samasa (compound): tatpurusha, dwandwa, bahuvrihi, karmadharaya; identify by whether the compound retains case meaning.

Synonyms (samanartha padagalu) and antonyms (viruddha padagalu) are common question types; build word lists around daily vocabulary.

Idioms (nudigattu): meaning is figurative, not literal; e.g., 'kalla kade kai hakuvudu' means to interfere.

Comprehension strategy: read the passage first, then the questions; locate exact lines for factual answers rather than guessing.

Grammar terms: linga (gender), vachana (number), vibhakti (case), kala (tense); subject-verb agreement follows these.

Karnataka has 31 districts; the newest is Vijayanagara (2018, carved from Ballari, HQ Hospet).

Karnataka was renamed from Mysore State on 1 November 1973; Bengaluru has been the capital since 1956.

National symbols: tiger (animal), peafowl (bird), lotus (flower), mango (fruit), Ganga (river).

Karnataka symbols: Asian elephant (animal), Indian roller/neelakanta (bird), lotus (flower), sandalwood (tree), Southern birdwing (butterfly).

Jnanpith awardees from Kannada include Kuvempu, D.R. Bendre, V.K. Gokak, U.R. Ananthamurthy, Girish Karnad and Chandrashekhara Kambara.

Constitutional bodies: UPSC, Election Commission, CAG, Finance Commission; NITI Aayog is an executive (non-constitutional) body.

Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award; Param Vir Chakra is the highest wartime military decoration.

SI units: force newton, energy joule, power watt, pressure pascal, frequency hertz, charge coulomb.

F = ma; action-reaction pairs act on different bodies, so they never cancel each other.

Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R; series resistances add, parallel resistances follow 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts with chlorophyll.

Adult human skeleton has 206 bones; skin is the largest organ; normal body temperature is about 37 °C.

Blood group O negative is the universal red-cell donor; AB positive is the universal recipient.

pH below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; litmus turns red in acid and blue in base.

Vitamin deficiencies: A - night blindness, C - scurvy, D - rickets, K - poor clotting.

Indus Valley sites: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal (dockyard), Kalibangan, Dholavira; the script remains undeciphered.

Mauryan Empire: Chandragupta (321 BCE), Ashoka (268–232 BCE); Kalinga war 261 BCE led Ashoka to Buddhism.

Gupta era (4th–6th century CE) is called the Golden Age; Aryabhata and Kalidasa belong to it.

Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526: Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodi dynasties; First Battle of Panipat 1526 began Mughal rule.

Karnataka dynasties in order: Kadambas of Banavasi, Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara.

Vijayanagara founded 1336 by Harihara and Bukka on the Tungabhadra; Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada; Talikota 1565 marked decline.

Tipu Sultan died in 1799 at Srirangapatna in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.

States Reorganisation Act 1956 formed Mysore State from Kannada-speaking regions; renamed Karnataka in 1973.

Constitution adopted 26 November 1949, enforced 26 January 1950; Dr. B.R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights occupy Articles 12–35; Article 32 is the right to constitutional remedies, called the heart and soul by Ambedkar.

Directive Principles are Articles 36–51 and non-justiciable; Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) as Article 51A.

President is indirectly elected for 5 years (Articles 52–62) and can be impeached under Article 61.

Money Bill is defined in Article 110 and can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha with the President's recommendation.

Five writs: habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, quo warranto - issued under Articles 32 and 226.

Article 368 governs amendments; Kesavananda Bharati (1973) established the basic structure doctrine.

Karnataka has a bicameral legislature (Assembly and Council) and 28 Lok Sabha seats.

India covers 3.28 million km²; latitude 8°4′N–37°6′N, longitude 68°7′E–97°25′E; the Tropic of Cancer crosses eight states.

Highest peak in India is Kanchenjunga (8,586 m); the Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Peninsular Plateau, coastal plains and islands are the physiographic divisions.

Narmada and Tapi flow west and form estuaries; the Ganga, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri form deltas.

Karnataka covers about 191,791 km² and is divided into Karavali coast, Malnad and Maidan.

Mullayanagiri is Karnataka's highest peak; the Western Ghats are a UNESCO biodiversity hotspot.

Karnataka's neighbours: Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Jog Falls on the Sharavathi river is one of India's highest plunge waterfalls; Agumbe is among the wettest places in Karnataka.

Karnataka soils include red, black (regur), laterite and coastal alluvial types.

GDP = C + I + G + (X − M); GDP deflator = nominal GDP / real GDP × 100.

RBI was established in 1935 and nationalised in 1949; it targets CPI inflation at 4% with a ±2% band.

Monetary tools: repo rate, reverse repo, CRR, SLR and open market operations.

GST launched 1 July 2017 with slabs of 5, 12, 18 and 28 percent; direct taxes include income and corporate tax.

Five-Year Plans ran from 1951 to 2017; NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015.

Bengaluru anchors Karnataka's IT and startup economy; the state is a leading software exporter.

Karnataka's agriculture includes ragi, coffee, sugarcane and silk; Ballari is known for iron ore.

Major Karnataka irrigation projects include Upper Krishna and the Krish Bhagya scheme.

Number series: test differences first, then ratios, then squares and cubes; 2, 6, 12, 20 follows n(n+1).

Alphabet: A = 1 through Z = 26; reverse position = 27 − forward position.

Coding-decoding: find a constant shift or reversal rule and apply it identically to the target word.

Blood relations: draw a tree; mark gender with +/− and use horizontal lines for siblings, vertical for parent-child.

Direction sense: right turn is 90° clockwise, left turn 90° anticlockwise; shortest distance uses Pythagoras.

Syllogism: a conclusion is valid only if true in every possible Venn diagram; 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'.

Clock angle = |30H − 5.5M| degrees, where H is hour and M is minutes.

Calendar: count odd days; 100 years have 5 odd days, 400 years have 0.

Percentage: x% of N = (x/100) × N; percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100.

Profit and loss: profit% = profit/CP × 100; SP = CP(1 + profit%/100); discount is calculated on marked price.

SI = PRT/100; CI amount A = P(1 + R/100)^T and CI = A − P.

Distance = speed × time; average speed over equal distances = 2xy/(x + y).

If a:b = c:d then ad = bc; partnership shares follow capital × time.

Average = sum/count; adding a value v gives new average (old sum + v)/(n + 1).

Mensuration: circle area πr², circumference 2πr; rectangle lb; triangle ½bh; cylinder πr²h; sphere (4/3)πr³.

LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers; find both by prime factorisation.

Work and pipes: rate = 1/time; combined time for two workers = xy/(x + y).

Kannada uses an abugida script of Brahmi lineage in which every consonant carries the inherent vowel 'a'.

Classical classification lists 14 vowels (swara) and 34 consonants (vyanjana).

Sandhi joins words with sound change, as in 'mane' + 'inda' → 'maneyinda'.

Samasa types include tatpurusha, dwandwa, bahuvrihi and karmadharaya, identified by retained case meaning.

Synonyms (samanartha) and antonyms (viruddha) are frequent question types; build themed word lists.

Nudigattu (idioms) carry figurative meaning, not literal meaning; learn each with an example sentence.

Grammar categories: linga (gender), vachana (number), vibhakti (case), kala (tense).

Comprehension method: read the passage first, then locate exact lines for each factual question.