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KSEAB II PUC Political Science study materials
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KSEAB II PUC Political Science practice questions

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Question 1Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ 'ಪೊಲಿಟಿಯಾ' ಎಂಬ ಪದವನ್ನು ಮೊದಲು ಬಳಸಿದ ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ವಿದ್ವಾಂಸ ಯಾರು?

  1. ಸುಕ್ರೇಟಸ್
  2. ಹೆರೊಡೋಟಸ್
  3. ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್ Correct answer.
  4. ಪ್ಲೇಟೋ

Explanation

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಜನಕ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲ್ಪಡುವ ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್ ತನ್ನ 'ಪೊಲಿಟಿಕ್ಸ್' ಗ್ರಂಥದಲ್ಲಿ 'ಪೊಲಿಟಿಯಾ' ಎಂಬ ಪದವನ್ನು ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ ಅರ್ಥದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಿದನು. ಈ ಪದದಿಂದಲೇ ಪಾಶ್ಚಾತ್ಯ ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಹೆಸರು ರೂಪುಗೊಂಡಿತು.

Question 2Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

'ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ರಾಜ್ಯದ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ' ಎಂಬ ಸಂಕುಚಿತ ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನವನ್ನು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಿದವರು ಯಾರು?

  1. ಬರ್ಗೆಸ್
  2. ಕ್ಯಾಟ್ಲಿನ್
  3. ಗಾರ್ನರ್ Correct answer.
  4. ಲಾಸ್ಕಿ

Explanation

ಗಾರ್ನರ್ ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವನ್ನು ರಾಜ್ಯದ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ ಎಂದು ಸಂಕುಚಿತಗೊಳಿಸಿ ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನಿಸಿದರು. ಈ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನ ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ, ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕಾರದ ಅಧ್ಯಯನಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಮಹತ್ವ ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ.

Question 3Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವನ್ನು 'ಯಾರು ಏನನ್ನು, ಯಾವಾಗ, ಹೇಗೆ ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ' ಎಂಬುದರ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಎಂದು ವಿವರಿಸಿದ ಆಧುನಿಕ ವಿದ್ವಾಂಸ ಯಾರು?

  1. ಆರ್ಥರ್ ಬೆಂಟ್ಲಿ
  2. ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಡಾಲ್
  3. ಹೆರಾಲ್ಡ್ ಲಾಸ್ವೆಲ್ Correct answer.
  4. ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಈಸ್ಟನ್

Explanation

ಲಾಸ್ವೆಲ್ ರಾಜಕೀಯವನ್ನು ಮೌಲ್ಯಗಳ ಹಂಚಿಕೆಯ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಎಂದು ವಿವರಿಸಿ, 'ಯಾರು ಏನನ್ನು, ಯಾವಾಗ, ಹೇಗೆ ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ' ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಸೂತ್ರ ನೀಡಿದರು. ಇದು ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ವರ್ತನಾವಾದಿ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನವನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

Question 4Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಅಧ್ಯಯನಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ 'ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ' ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಲಕ್ಷಣ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ಆಸಕ್ತಿ ಗುಂಪುಗಳ ಪರಸ್ಪರ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ
  2. ರಾಜಕೀಯ ನಾಯಕರ ಮನೋವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ
  3. ಮತದಾರರ ನಡವಳಿಕೆಯ ಸಾಂಖ್ಯಿಕ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ
  4. ಸಂವಿಧಾನ, ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜ್ಯ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳ ವಿವರಣಾತ್ಮಕ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ Correct answer.

Explanation

ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನ ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವನ್ನು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ, ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕಾನೂನಿನ ವಿವರಣಾತ್ಮಕ ಅಧ್ಯಯನಕ್ಕೆ ಸೀಮಿತಗೊಳಿಸಿತು. ಇದು ಬಹುತೇಕ ನಿಯಮ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳ ವರ್ಣನೆಗೆ ಒತ್ತು ನೀಡಿತು.

Question 5Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು 'ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ' ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಲು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಆಧಾರ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ಅದು ಕೇವಲ ಗಣಿತೀಯ ಸೂತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದೆ
  2. ಅದು ರಾಜಕೀಯ ನಾಯಕರ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯಗಳನ್ನು ದಾಖಲಿಸುತ್ತದೆ
  3. ಅದು ಪ್ರಯೋಗಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳನ್ನು ನಡೆಸುತ್ತದೆ
  4. ಅದು ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥಿತ ವೀಕ್ಷಣೆ, ವರ್ಗೀಕರಣ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾರಣ-ಕಾರ್ಯ ಸಂಬಂಧದ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯೀಕರಣವನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತದೆ Correct answer.

Explanation

ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳಾದ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥಿತ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ, ವರ್ಗೀಕರಣ, ಕಾರಣ-ಕಾರ್ಯ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯೀಕರಣವನ್ನು ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಬಳಸುವುದರಿಂದ ಅದನ್ನು ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನವಾಗಿ ಅದರ ನಿಖರತೆ ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನದಷ್ಟು ಕಟ್ಟುನಿಟ್ಟಾಗಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.

Question 6Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ವಿಷಯ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ವಿಶಾಲಗೊಳಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ 'ಆಧುನಿಕ' ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ ಪಠ್ಯದ ವಿವರಣೆಗೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಸೀಮಿತಗೊಳಿಸಿದುದು
  2. ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕಾನೂನನ್ನು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಹೊರಗಿಟ್ಟುದು
  3. ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷಗಳು, ಒತ್ತಡ ಗುಂಪುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಮತದಾರರ ನಡವಳಿಕೆಯ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸಿದುದು Correct answer.
  4. ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮತ್ವದ ಕಲ್ಪನೆಯನ್ನು ಮಾತ್ರ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕರಿಸಿದುದು

Explanation

ಆಧುನಿಕ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನ ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳಿಂದ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷಗಳು, ಒತ್ತಡ ಗುಂಪುಗಳು, ಮತದಾರರ ನಡವಳಿಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳವರೆಗೆ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಿತು. ಇದು ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಔಪಚಾರಿಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳಿಂದ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳಿಗೆ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಿತು.

Question 7Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ನಡುವಿನ ಸಂಬಂಧದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಹೇಳಿಕೆ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ಎರಡೂ ಪದಗಳು ಒಂದೇ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿವೆ
  2. ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನವು ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಒಂದು ಉಪಶಾಖೆ
  3. ಎರಡೂ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಪರಸ್ಪರ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆಗಳು
  4. ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಅಧ್ಯಯನಕ್ಕೆ ಒತ್ತು ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ Correct answer.

Explanation

ಆಧುನಿಕ ಅರ್ಥದಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನಕ್ಕೆ ಒತ್ತು ನೀಡುವ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಭಾಗವಾಗಿದೆ. ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನವು ಅದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ವಿಶಾಲವಾಗಿ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ.

Question 8Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವು ಪ್ರಜಾಪ್ರಭುತ್ವದ ಪ್ರಜೆಗೆ ಹೇಗೆ ಪ್ರಾಯೋಗಿಕ ಉಪಯೋಗವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ?

  1. ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಲಾಭದ ಖಾತರಿ ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ
  2. ಕಾನೂನು ಉಲ್ಲಂಘನೆಗೆ ರಕ್ಷಣೆ ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ
  3. ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು, ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕರ್ತವ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ Correct answer.
  4. ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷಗಳಿಗೆ ಮತದಾನದ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶವನ್ನು ಖಚಿತಪಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ

Explanation

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವು ಪ್ರಜೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ, ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ರಚನೆ, ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕರ್ತವ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ನೆರವಾಗಿ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಯುತ ಪೌರತ್ವವನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಪ್ರಜಾಪ್ರಭುತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿ ಅರ್ಥಪೂರ್ಣ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸುವಿಕೆಗೆ ಅಡಿಪಾಯ ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

Question 9Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವನ್ನು 'ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ' ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲು ಕಾರಣ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ಅದು ಪ್ರಕೃತಿ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರಯೋಗಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪರೀಕ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತದೆ
  2. ಅದು ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಒಂದು ಶಾಖೆ
  3. ಅದು ಮಾನವ ಸಮಾಜದ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳನ್ನು ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥಿತವಾಗಿ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ Correct answer.
  4. ಅದು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಗಣಿತ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದೆ

Explanation

ಮಾನವ ಸಮಾಜದ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು, ವರ್ತನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳನ್ನು ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥಿತವಾಗಿ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡುವುದರಿಂದ ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಗಳ ಗುಂಪಿಗೆ ಸೇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಗಳಂತೆ ಭೌತಿಕ ಪ್ರಪಂಚವನ್ನಲ್ಲ, ಮಾನವ ಸಮಾಜವನ್ನು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.

Question 10Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಅಧ್ಯಯನದಲ್ಲಿ 'ತುಲನಾತ್ಮಕ ವಿಧಾನ' ದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಉಪಯೋಗ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ರಾಜಕೀಯ ನಾಯಕರ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ದಾಖಲಿಸುವುದು
  2. ಒಂದೇ ದೇಶದ ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶವನ್ನು ಊಹಿಸುವುದು
  3. ವಿವಿಧ ದೇಶಗಳ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೋಲಿಸಿ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ತತ್ವಗಳನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು Correct answer.
  4. ಕಾನೂನುಗಳನ್ನು ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸುವುದು

Explanation

ತುಲನಾತ್ಮಕ ವಿಧಾನವು ವಿವಿಧ ದೇಶಗಳ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ, ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ರಚನೆ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೋಲಿಸಿ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ತತ್ವಗಳನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಸ್ವರೂಪವನ್ನು ಬಲಪಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

Question 11Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಅಧ್ಯಯನದಲ್ಲಿ 'ವರ್ತನಾವಾದಿ' (ಬಿಹೇವಿಯರಲ್) ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಯ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಪರಿಣಾಮ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ ಪಠ್ಯ ವಿವರಣೆಗೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಮರಳಿತು
  2. ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳ ಔಪಚಾರಿಕ ವಿವರಣೆಯ ಬದಲು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಗುಂಪುಗಳ ವಾಸ್ತವ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ನಡವಳಿಕೆಯ ಅಧ್ಯಯನಕ್ಕೆ ಒತ್ತು ನೀಡಿತು Correct answer.
  3. ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮತ್ವದ ಕಲ್ಪನೆಯನ್ನು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ತ್ಯಜಿಸಿತು
  4. ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಿತು

Explanation

ವರ್ತನಾವಾದಿ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಯು ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ಔಪಚಾರಿಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳಿಂದ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಗುಂಪುಗಳ ವಾಸ್ತವ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ನಡವಳಿಕೆ, ಮತದಾನ ಮತ್ತು ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ ರಚನೆಯತ್ತ ತಿರುಗಿಸಿತು. ಇದು ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ವಿಧಾನಗಳನ್ನು ಅಳವಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು.

Question 12Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಅಧ್ಯಯನದಿಂದ ಪ್ರಜೆಗೆ ದೊರೆಯುವ 'ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಜಾಗೃತಿ' ಯ ಅರ್ಥ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಎಲ್ಲ ನಿರ್ಧಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ನಿಸದೆ ಒಪ್ಪುವುದು
  2. ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ನೀತಿಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ ಹೊಂದಿ ಅವುಗಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯಿಸುವ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ Correct answer.
  3. ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷವೊಂದನ್ನು ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಾಗಿ ಸೇರುವುದು
  4. ಚುನಾವಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ ಚಲಾಯಿಸದಿರುವುದು

Explanation

ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಜಾಗೃತಿ ಎಂದರೆ ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು, ನೀತಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಜೆಗಳ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅರಿವು ಹೊಂದಿ ಅವುಗಳಿಗೆ ತರ್ಕಬದ್ಧವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯಿಸುವ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ. ಇದು ಪ್ರಜಾಪ್ರಭುತ್ವದ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಯುತ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸುವಿಕೆಗೆ ಅಗತ್ಯ.

Question 13Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ 'ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಬಂಧ' ಎಂಬ ಉಪಶಾಖೆಯ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ವಿಷಯ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷಗಳ ಒಳಾಡಳಿತ
  2. ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆ
  3. ಒಂದೇ ದೇಶದ ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಆಡಳಿತ
  4. ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳ ನಡುವಿನ ರಾಜತಾಂತ್ರಿಕ, ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಸುರಕ್ಷತಾ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು Correct answer.

Explanation

ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಬಂಧವು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳ ನಡುವಿನ ರಾಜತಾಂತ್ರಿಕ, ಆರ್ಥಿಕ, ಸುರಕ್ಷತಾ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳನ್ನು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡುವ ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಉಪಶಾಖೆ. ಇದು ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗಡಿಯನ್ನು ಮೀರಿ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಿರುವುದನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

Question 14Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ 'ಅಧಿಕಾರ' ಮತ್ತು 'ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ' ನಡುವಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಹೇಳಿಕೆ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಒಂದೇ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆ
  2. ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರವು ಕೇವಲ ಸೈನ್ಯದ ಬಲದಿಂದ ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತದೆ
  3. ಅಧಿಕಾರವು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಪ್ರಜೆಗಳ ಸ್ವೇಚ್ಛಾ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದೆ
  4. ಅಧಿಕಾರವು ಬಲಪ್ರಯೋಗ ಅಥವಾ ಒತ್ತಡದ ಮೂಲಕ ಹೇರಬಹುದು, ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರವು ಸ್ವೀಕೃತ ದಕ್ಷತೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ನಿಂತಿದೆ Correct answer.

Explanation

ಅಧಿಕಾರವು ಒತ್ತಡ, ಬಲ ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರಭಾವದ ಮೂಲಕ ಇತರರ ನಡವಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುವ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ; ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರವು ಅಧಿಕಾರದ ದಕ್ಷತೆಯನ್ನು ಆಳುವವರೂ ಮತ್ತು ಆಳಲ್ಪಡುವವರೂ ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸಿದಾಗ ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಗೆ ಮೂಲಭೂತ.

Question 15Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಅಧ್ಯಯನಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ 'ಮೌಲ್ಯಯುಕ್ತ' ಮತ್ತು 'ಮೌಲ್ಯಮುಕ್ತ' ಚರ್ಚೆಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಹೇಳಿಕೆ ಯಾವುದು?

  1. ಮೌಲ್ಯಮುಕ್ತತೆಯ ಚರ್ಚೆ ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿಲ್ಲ
  2. ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಮೌಲ್ಯಮುಕ್ತವಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂಬುದು ಸಾರ್ವತ್ರಿಕ ಒಮ್ಮತ
  3. ವರ್ತನಾವಾದಿಗಳು ಮೌಲ್ಯಮುಕ್ತ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಗೆ ಒತ್ತು ನೀಡಿದರೆ, ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ವಿದ್ವಾಂಸರು ಮೌಲ್ಯಗಳ ಪಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ಒಪ್ಪುತ್ತಾರೆ Correct answer.
  4. ಮೌಲ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ನಿರ್ಲಕ್ಷಿಸುವುದು ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನ

Explanation

ವರ್ತನಾವಾದಿ ವಿದ್ವಾಂಸರು ನಿಷ್ಪಕ್ಷಪಾತ, ಮೌಲ್ಯಮುಕ್ತ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಿದರೆ, ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರದ ವಿದ್ವಾಂಸರು ನ್ಯಾಯ, ಸಮಾನತೆಯಂತಹ ಮೌಲ್ಯಗಳು ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಅಧ್ಯಯನದ ಅಂತರ್ಗತ ಭಾಗ ಎಂದು ವಾದಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಈ ಚರ್ಚೆ ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ವಿಧಾನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರ.

Question 16Political Science: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Significance

ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ 'ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ' ಎಂಬ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆಯನ್ನು ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥಿತವಾಗಿ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದವರು ಯಾರು?

  1. ಹೆರಾಲ್ಡ್ ಲಾಸ್ವೆಲ್
  2. ಗಾರ್ನರ್
  3. ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್
  4. ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಈಸ್ಟನ್ Correct answer.

Explanation

ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಈಸ್ಟನ್ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು ಒತ್ತಡಗಳು (ಇನ್‌ಪುಟ್), ಪರಿವರ್ತನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳು (ಔಟ್‌ಪುಟ್) ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರತಿಪೂರಕ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ ವಿವರಿಸಿದರು. ಈ ಮಾದರಿ ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತಕ್ಕೆ ಮಹತ್ವದ ಕೊಡುಗೆ.

Question 17State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

In political science, which characteristic distinguishes a state from other associations such as a trade union or a family?

  1. It derives its authority from the consent of an external power
  2. It depends on voluntary membership that can be freely withdrawn
  3. It possesses sovereignty over a defined territory and population Correct answer.
  4. It is organised around shared economic interests of members

Explanation

A state is distinguished by sovereignty, meaning supreme and independent authority over a definite territory and population. Families and unions lack this sovereign coercive authority and legal independence. Sovereignty is thus the defining mark that separates the state from all other associations.

Question 18State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

Which of the following is regarded as the essential 'four elements' of the state in classical political theory?

  1. Citizenship, taxation, army and bureaucracy
  2. Constitution, judiciary, legislature and executive
  3. Nation, religion, language and culture
  4. Population, territory, government and sovereignty Correct answer.

Explanation

Classical writers such as Garner and Gettell list population, territory, government and sovereignty as the constituent elements of the state. The other sets describe organs or social features rather than the essential elements. All four are considered necessary before an entity qualifies as a state.

Question 19State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

A political community occupies a fixed area with defined boundaries, permanent population and an independent government, but other states do not recognise it. Which element of statehood is most directly in question here?

  1. Sovereignty, since recognition and independence are being contested Correct answer.
  2. Population, since the community lacks sufficient inhabitants
  3. Territory, since the boundaries are undefined and shifting
  4. Government, since no organised authority exists at all

Explanation

The scenario states that boundaries are defined, population is permanent and a government exists, so those elements are satisfied. What is contested is independence and external acceptance, which concerns sovereignty and recognition. Sovereignty is the element most directly at issue.

Question 20State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

The population of a state is significant politically mainly because it provides which of the following?

  1. The physical boundaries that mark the state's limits
  2. The legal supremacy of the state over its associations
  3. The human base from which citizens and rulers are drawn Correct answer.
  4. The recognition extended by other sovereign states

Explanation

Population supplies the people who become citizens and from whom rulers and public officials are recruited. It is the human foundation of the state, without which no political community can exist. The other options describe territory, sovereignty and recognition instead.

Question 21State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

Which statement best captures the relationship between the state and government?

  1. Government is a permanent body while the state is temporary
  2. Government and state are identical and interchangeable concepts
  3. Government is the agency through which the state exercises its authority Correct answer.
  4. Government creates the state and may dissolve it at will

Explanation

Government is the machinery or agency through which the state's sovereign authority is exercised; it changes while the state persists. The state is the wider, permanent community, and government is its instrument. Treating the two as identical confuses the institution with its organ.

Question 22State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

The social contract theory of the origin of the state is associated with which group of thinkers?

  1. Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau Correct answer.
  2. Bentham, Mill and Austin
  3. Bodin, Grotius and Vattel
  4. Aristotle, Plato and Cicero

Explanation

Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau are the classical social contract theorists, who explained the state as arising from an agreement among individuals. They differ on the state of nature and the terms of the contract, but share the contractual framework. The other groups represent different traditions.

Question 23State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

In Hobbes's account, individuals in the state of nature escape the 'war of all against all' by doing what?

  1. Retaining all natural rights while appointing a limited arbiter
  2. Surrendering their natural liberty to a sovereign authority by mutual covenant Correct answer.
  3. Dividing sovereignty equally among all contracting individuals
  4. Returning to a condition of communal property and equality

Explanation

Hobbes argued that to escape the insecurity of the state of nature, individuals mutually covenant to transfer their natural liberty to a sovereign. This sovereign, the Leviathan, holds undivided and near-absolute authority to keep them in awe. The surrender is what establishes political order.

Question 24State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

How does Locke's version of the social contract differ from Hobbes's version?

  1. Locke's contract abolishes private property in favour of common ownership
  2. Locke's contract is conditional, with government held to trust and subject to resistance Correct answer.
  3. Locke's contract creates an absolute sovereign who cannot be resisted
  4. Locke's contract denies that individuals ever possessed natural rights

Explanation

Locke treated government as a trust created to protect life, liberty and property, and held that a government breaking that trust may be resisted. Hobbes's sovereign, by contrast, was nearly absolute and not legitimately resistible. Locke thus made the contract conditional rather than permanent subjection.

Question 25State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

The theory that the state evolved gradually from the family through clans and tribes into larger political communities is known as which approach?

  1. The divine right theory
  2. The social contract theory
  3. The force theory
  4. The evolutionary or historical theory Correct answer.

Explanation

The evolutionary theory, associated with writers like Maine and Morgan, explains the state as the gradual outgrowth of kinship institutions such as the family, clan and tribe. It stresses slow historical development rather than a single act or event. This distinguishes it from contract, force and divine-right explanations.

Question 26State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

According to the force theory of the origin of the state, what is the foundation of political authority?

  1. Domination of the weak by the strong through conquest and coercion Correct answer.
  2. The natural sociability of humans as political animals
  3. A mandate granted to rulers by divine will
  4. A voluntary agreement entered into by free and equal individuals

Explanation

The force theory, associated with thinkers like Oppenheimer and Gumplowicz, holds that states arose when stronger groups subjugated weaker ones and imposed rule. Authority is thus rooted in conquest and coercion rather than consent. It is often contrasted with contract theory's emphasis on agreement.

Question 27State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

The divine right theory of the origin of the state holds that rulers do what?

  1. Rule as a result of gradual kinship evolution
  2. Govern because of superior military strength and conquest
  3. Receive authority from a covenant made with the people
  4. Derive their authority directly from God and are answerable only to God Correct answer.

Explanation

The divine right theory claims that monarchs receive their authority from God and are accountable to God alone, making obedience a religious duty. It was used to justify absolute monarchy. The theory denies that popular consent is the source of political authority.

Question 28State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

Aristotle's description of humans as 'political animals' supports which explanation of the state's origin?

  1. The divine right theory, since the state arises from a divine mandate
  2. The force theory, since the state arises from conquest
  3. The natural or organic theory, since political association is inherent in human nature Correct answer.
  4. The social contract theory, since the state arises from deliberate agreement

Explanation

Aristotle held that humans are by nature inclined to form political communities, so the state is a natural growth rather than an artificial invention. This underlies the natural or organic theory. It contrasts with accounts that trace the state to agreement, conquest or divine command.

Question 29State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

Which of the following best illustrates the changing nature of the state in the era of globalisation?

  1. Sovereignty has become irrelevant because governments no longer make laws
  2. States increasingly share authority with international institutions and non-state actors Correct answer.
  3. States have abolished their constitutions in favour of global rules
  4. States have entirely lost their territories to multinational corporations

Explanation

Globalisation has not eliminated the state but has altered how authority is exercised, with states pooling or sharing power through international organisations, treaties and non-state actors. Sovereignty persists but is increasingly interdependent. The exaggerated claims in the other options misstate this change.

Question 30State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

The shift from the laissez-faire 'night-watchman' state to the welfare state is best explained by which development?

  1. The rejection of sovereignty in favour of purely local rule
  2. Growing demands for state action in providing social security and regulating the economy Correct answer.
  3. The complete withdrawal of the state from economic and social life
  4. The replacement of government by voluntary charitable associations

Explanation

Industrialisation and mass democracy created demands for social security, public health and economic regulation, expanding state functions beyond minimal policing and defence. The welfare state thus reflects an expanded role rather than a retreat. The night-watchman conception gave way to active intervention.

Question 31State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

Which concept describes a state whose population shares a common identity based on language, culture and history, often seeking a state of its own?

  1. Sovereignty
  2. Territory
  3. Government
  4. Nation Correct answer.

Explanation

A nation refers to a community bound by shared identity such as language, culture and history, which may or may not coincide with existing state boundaries. The state is the legal-political organisation, while the nation is a felt community. Nationalism often demands that nation and state coincide.

Question 32State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

The concept of a 'nation-state' implies which relationship between nation and state?

  1. The state deliberately contains as many distinct nations as possible
  2. The nation exists without any political organisation whatsoever
  3. The state is governed directly by an international organisation
  4. The boundaries of the political state largely coincide with a single national community Correct answer.

Explanation

A nation-state exists where the state's political boundaries broadly match the boundaries of a national community sharing identity. It is an ideal type, since many states are multinational. The concept expresses the aspiration that nation and state should coincide.

Question 33State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

Critics argue that the social contract theory is historically inadequate as an explanation of the state's origin mainly because it does what?

  1. Assumes a prehistoric agreement for which there is no historical evidence Correct answer.
  2. Explains the state purely as the result of military conquest
  3. Accepts that states evolved gradually from family and clan
  4. Relies on divine sanction to justify obedience

Explanation

Critics such as Hume pointed out that no historical record supports a founding agreement among all individuals, making the contract a hypothetical device rather than a documented event. It is therefore criticised as historically unverifiable. This is a key limitation of contract theory as an origin account.

Question 34State: Meaning, Elements, Theories of Origin and Changing Nature

In modern political analysis, which feature most clearly marks the continuing relevance of sovereignty despite globalisation?

  1. States retain ultimate legal authority over their territory and can enforce law within it Correct answer.
  2. States no longer maintain armed forces or police
  3. States have delegated all law-making power to private corporations
  4. States have surrendered their constitutions to international courts

Explanation

Even amid globalisation, states continue to exercise ultimate legal authority within their territories, including law enforcement and final jurisdiction. Sovereignty has become more shared and interdependent, but it has not vanished. This enduring legal supremacy is why the state remains a central political unit.

Question 35Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

In political theory, which statement best defines sovereignty?

  1. The everyday administrative work of civil servants in a state
  2. The supreme and final law-making power within a territorial community Correct answer.
  3. The influence exercised by pressure groups over legislators
  4. The personal popularity of a ruling party's leader

Explanation

Sovereignty refers to the highest, final authority in a political community, internally supreme over all associations and externally independent of other states. Administration, interest-group pressure and personal popularity are all subordinate phenomena exercised under, not above, that final authority.

Question 36Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

The doctrine that the sovereign is bound by no human law and can do no legal wrong is known as

  1. Legal sovereignty Correct answer.
  2. Popular sovereignty
  3. Titular sovereignty
  4. De jure sovereignty

Explanation

Legal sovereignty describes the formally unlimited law-making authority of the state, classically expressed in the maxim that the sovereign cannot be legally restrained by its own commands. Titular, popular and de jure sovereignty each refer to different questions about who holds or how authority is acquired, not to this unlimited legal character.

Question 37Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

India's Constitution distributes powers between the Union and the States by lists, yet the Union Parliament can legislate on a State List subject in specific circumstances. This arrangement shows that Indian sovereignty is

  1. Divided equally between two sovereigns
  2. Held by the judiciary as final arbiter
  3. Absolutely located in the States alone
  4. Supreme at the Union level but constitutionally distributed Correct answer.

Explanation

India follows a federal structure with a strong Union: Parliament is supreme within the constitutional scheme but its powers are enumerated and shared with States, and it may enter the State List only in constitutionally specified situations. The Constitution therefore creates one sovereign order whose powers are distributed, not two independent sovereigns.

Question 38Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

Which classic writer is associated with the monistic theory that sovereignty must be indivisible and located in a single determinate body?

  1. John Locke
  2. Jean Bodin Correct answer.
  3. Thomas Paine
  4. Hugo Grotius

Explanation

Jean Bodin, writing in the sixteenth century, defined sovereignty as supreme, absolute and perpetual power vested in a single determinate holder, and insisted it could not be shared. Locke, Grotius and Paine are associated with limited government, international law and natural-rights arguments rather than monistic sovereignty.

Question 39Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

A state signs a treaty and later finds that its own domestic statute conflicts with the treaty's terms. The ability of states to be bound only by rules they have accepted, and to settle such conflicts under international law, reflects which aspect of sovereignty?

  1. Titular sovereignty
  2. External sovereignty Correct answer.
  3. Territorial administration
  4. Internal sovereignty

Explanation

External sovereignty means a state is independent of other states and is bound internationally only by obligations it has accepted. Treaty relations, recognition and the conduct of foreign affairs are the standard contexts in which this external dimension is discussed.

Question 40Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

In political science, the term 'power' is best understood as

  1. The lawful right to command obedience
  2. The habit of obeying established custom
  3. The capacity to affect the behaviour of others, even against resistance Correct answer.
  4. The moral duty to follow a ruler

Explanation

Power is a relational capacity: A has power over B when A can affect B's behaviour, potentially against B's wishes, whether or not that capacity is lawful. Right, custom and duty belong to the vocabulary of authority and legitimacy, not to power as such.

Question 41Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

A trade union calls a strike that halts production until the management concedes higher wages. Which form of power is primarily being exercised here?

  1. Coercive power
  2. Persuasive power
  3. Traditional authority
  4. Economic power Correct answer.

Explanation

Economic power rests on control over material resources, production and livelihoods, and is exercised when one party can withhold or grant economic benefits. A strike uses control over labour to extract concessions, which is the textbook case of economic power rather than force, argument or inherited status.

Question 42Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

Which thinker defined power as the production of intended effects, distinguishing it from mere influence?

  1. Hannah Arendt
  2. Max Weber
  3. Bertrand Russell Correct answer.
  4. Karl Marx

Explanation

Bertrand Russell defined power as the production of intended effects, a deliberately broad formulation that allows power to be measured by outcomes rather than by formal office. Weber, Arendt and Marx are famous for other concepts of power, authority and class domination.

Question 43Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

A government issues an order that citizens obey because they believe the office issuing it has a recognised right to make such rules. This situation illustrates

  1. Coercion
  2. Persuasion
  3. Manipulation
  4. Authority Correct answer.

Explanation

Authority is the recognised right to command, so obedience follows from acceptance of the office's title to rule rather than from fear or argument. Coercion, persuasion and manipulation all secure compliance by other means and need no belief in a right to command.

Question 44Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

Max Weber classified legitimate authority into three pure types. Which set correctly names them?

  1. Coercive, economic and ideological
  2. Democratic, oligarchic and monarchic
  3. Divine, popular and parliamentary
  4. Traditional, charismatic and legal-rational Correct answer.

Explanation

Weber's three types of legitimate domination are traditional authority resting on custom, charismatic authority resting on personal exceptional qualities, and legal-rational authority resting on impersonal rules and office. The other sets mix forms of government, resources of power and historical claims rather than reproducing his typology.

Question 45Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

A hereditary monarch reigns because the throne has passed down through a royal line for centuries. In Weber's terms, this is an example of

  1. Legal-rational authority
  2. Traditional authority Correct answer.
  3. Charismatic authority
  4. Coercive power

Explanation

Traditional authority rests on the sanctity of age-old customs and the status of those who occupy inherited positions. A hereditary throne is the clearest example, since the ruler's claim depends on custom and lineage rather than on enacted rules or personal magnetism.

Question 46Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

In a general election, a party wins office and its ministers are obeyed because the law prescribes how they are chosen and what powers they hold. This obedience illustrates

  1. Traditional authority
  2. Charismatic authority
  3. Personal authority
  4. Legal-rational authority Correct answer.

Explanation

Legal-rational authority is obedience to the impersonal order of enacted rules, so office-holders are obeyed because of the legally defined position they occupy. Elections and ministerial powers are prescribed by law, which is precisely the basis of this type of authority.

Question 47Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

Which statement best captures the relationship between legitimacy and authority?

  1. The two terms are synonyms with no analytical difference
  2. Legitimacy is the right to command; authority is the fear of punishment
  3. Authority exists only where legitimacy is absent
  4. Authority is the right to command; legitimacy is the acceptance of that right as justified Correct answer.

Explanation

Authority is the recognised right to issue commands, while legitimacy is the belief that this right is justified and ought to be obeyed. The two are closely linked, since stable authority normally rests on legitimacy, but they remain distinct concepts in political analysis.

Question 48Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

A regime stays in office by controlling the media, suppressing opposition and holding non-competitive elections. Analysts describe it as having power without legitimacy. Why is this description appropriate?

  1. Because it has not signed international human rights treaties
  2. Because it lacks legal title to rule under its own constitution
  3. Because compliance rests on fear and control rather than on accepted justification Correct answer.
  4. Because its leaders were not elected by an absolute majority

Explanation

Legitimacy is a belief among the governed that the rulers have a justified right to rule, so a regime sustained only by repression and managed elections may hold power while lacking that belief. Legal title, treaty membership and majority size do not by themselves establish legitimacy in the sociological sense.

Question 49Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

A new government inherits office after a disputed transition but later wins broad acceptance as people see its decisions as serving general interests and following fair procedures. This acceptance is best described as

  1. Titular sovereignty
  2. De facto power
  3. Legitimacy Correct answer.
  4. Coercive capacity

Explanation

Legitimacy grows when people regard a government's procedures and purposes as justified, so acceptance based on fair process and general interest is its clearest expression. Coercive capacity and de facto power describe the ability to enforce decisions, while titular sovereignty concerns who holds sovereign title.

Question 50Sovereignty, Power, Authority and Legitimacy

Which pairing of thinker and contribution to the study of power, authority and legitimacy is correct?

  1. Max Weber - power as the production of intended effects
  2. Karl Marx - the three pure types of legitimate authority
  3. Hannah Arendt - power as the capacity to act in concert, distinct from violence Correct answer.
  4. Jean Bodin - power as the ability to act in concert

Explanation

Hannah Arendt argued that power arises when people act together and that it is fundamentally different from violence, which replaces collective action with coercion. The other pairings wrongly attribute concepts to thinkers associated with different ideas.