Karnataka KSEAB SSLC NSQF Apparel Made-Ups & Home Furnishing key terms

Finished clothing items such as shirts, trousers, dresses and school uniforms that are stitched from fabric and worn on the body. The word distinguishes wearable garments from non-wearable textile products.

A textile article produced by cutting and stitching fabric for a specific use, such as bags, aprons, bed linen or curtains. Made-ups are neither yarn nor flat fabric; they are finished utility products.

Textile and soft products used to decorate and equip a living space, including curtains, cushion covers, table linen, bedspreads and floor coverings. The sector covers both functional and decorative household articles.

A short textile fibre measured in centimetres, such as cotton, wool or flax, which must be twisted together into yarn. Staple length affects yarn strength, fineness and the feel of the final fabric.

A continuous, very long fibre produced naturally by silkworms or manufactured by extrusion, such as polyester or nylon. Filaments give smooth, lustrous fabrics and can be used directly without spinning.

A natural cellulose fibre obtained from the seed hair of the cotton plant. It is absorbent, breathable, comfortable in heat and washes well, but wrinkles easily and has moderate strength when wet.

A natural protein filament secreted by the silkworm larva to form its cocoon. Silk is lustrous, smooth, strong and elastic, but it is expensive and needs gentle washing and dry cleaning care.

A treatment of cotton yarn or fabric with concentrated caustic soda under tension. It increases lustre, strength and dye uptake and improves dimensional stability, giving a smoother, more receptive surface.

The process of drawing out, twisting and winding short fibres into a continuous yarn. Carding, combing, drawing and twisting are stages that control yarn evenness, strength and softness.

A number expressing the thickness or fineness of a yarn. Direct systems give mass per fixed length, while indirect systems give length per fixed mass; higher indirect count means a finer yarn.

A yarn made by twisting two or more single yarns together to increase strength, evenness and abrasion resistance. Two-ply and three-ply yarns are common in sewing thread and durable fabrics.

The simplest interlacing where each warp thread passes alternately over and under each weft thread. It produces a firm, flat, reversible fabric such as calico, poplin and muslin.

A weave producing diagonal lines on the fabric surface because warp and weft interlace in a stepped pattern. Twill is stronger and denser than plain weave and is used in denim and gabardine.

A weave in which floating threads pass over several threads before interlacing, giving a smooth, lustrous face and a dull back. Long floats make satin susceptible to snagging and abrasion.

The firmly woven, non-fraying edge running along the length of a fabric piece. It marks the warp direction, helps in aligning the grain and is normally excluded from garment pieces.

The direction of warp yarns running parallel to the selvedge, marked on paper patterns as a long arrow. Garment pieces are cut along this line to prevent twisting and poor drape.

The process of drawing accurate pattern pieces on paper from body measurements using standard construction rules. It produces the master shapes from which garments are cut and stitched.

A trial garment made in inexpensive fabric to test the fit, balance and design of a drafted pattern before cutting the final material. Alterations marked on the toile are transferred back to the paper pattern.

The extra width added beyond the stitching line, usually one centimetre on most seams, so that the fabric can be joined and finished without reducing the garment size.

A lightweight, loosely woven plain cotton fabric used for trial garments, backing, and children's wear. Its low cost and easy drape make it a standard choice for testing patterns.

Any method of enclosing or neatening raw seam edges so they do not fray, such as overlocking, zigzag stitching, French seams or binding. The choice depends on fabric type and garment quality.

The basic sewing machine stitch formed by interlocking an upper needle thread with a lower bobbin thread inside the fabric. It is strong, flat and used for most garment seams.

A machine that trims the fabric edge and encloses it with interlooped threads, producing a stretchy, non-fraying seam. It is widely used for knitwear and for neatening woven seam allowances.

A small metal or plastic spool that holds the lower thread inside the bobbin case of a lockstitch machine. Correct winding and tension of the bobbin thread prevent puckering and thread breakage.

The balance of pull between the upper needle thread and the lower bobbin thread in a sewing machine. Correct tension places the interlocking point inside the fabric; wrong tension causes loops or puckers.

Decorative stitching worked on fabric with a needle and thread to create motifs, borders and textures. It may be hand worked in stitches such as chain, satin and stem, or produced on an embroidery machine.

A surface decoration technique in which a cut shape of fabric is stitched onto a base fabric to form a design. Edges may be turned under or finished with satin stitch or blanket stitch.

A metallic thread, traditionally silver or gold wound around a silk core, used in Indian brocade and embroidery. Zari work decorates sarees, lehengas and ceremonial textiles.

A resist-dyeing technique in which melted wax is applied to fabric to block dye penetration, creating patterned areas. Cracks in the wax produce characteristic veined lines after dyeing.

A resist technique where fabric is tied, folded or bound with thread before dyeing so that bound areas resist colour. Bandhani is a well-known Indian form producing dotted patterns.

A removable fabric cover stitched to fit a cushion pad, usually closed with a zip, buttons or an envelope flap. Size, seam strength and easy removal for washing are key quality points.

A narrow folded strip, often with cord inside, inserted into a seam to give a raised decorative edge on cushions, curtains and upholstery. It strengthens and defines the seam line.

A woven tape stitched across the top of a curtain with pockets for hooks and cords for gathering. It controls pleat style, fullness ratio and how the curtain hangs.

A long paper plan showing pattern pieces laid out economically on fabric width to minimise waste. Marker planning considers grain, shade, size mix and fabric faults before cutting.

The production stage of separating fabric pieces from the lay according to the marker, using straight knives, band knives or computer-controlled cutters. Accuracy here determines garment fit and fabric saving.

Deciding how many fabric plies are spread, in what length and colour sequence, before cutting. It balances order quantity, fabric shrinkage, shade variation and cutting equipment capacity.

A production method where cut pieces are tied into numbered bundles and moved through operations in lots. It allows tracking but causes work-in-progress and handling delays.

A production arrangement in which bundles pass through operations in a fixed sequence, each operator completing one operation before the bundle moves on. It suits simple styles and low-volume orders.

Planned inspection and testing activities that check materials, in-process work and finished garments against specifications. It aims to prevent defects, not merely to reject faulty output.

Acceptable Quality Level, the maximum percentage of defective units tolerated in a lot during sampling inspection. It is agreed between buyer and supplier and defines pass or fail decisions.

A permanently attached label giving washing, bleaching, drying, ironing and dry-cleaning instructions for a garment. It protects the consumer and reduces damage claims from incorrect care.

Safety items worn by workers, such as needle guards, eye protection, gloves, masks and closed footwear, to reduce injury and health risk in the sewing or finishing section.

Designing workstations, chairs, tables and tasks to fit the human body and reduce strain. Correct sewing table height and posture help prevent neck, back and wrist injuries.

The habits and attitudes expected at work, including punctuality, honesty, responsibility, teamwork and respect for safety rules and company property. Good work ethics improve productivity and trust.

The activity of identifying an opportunity, arranging resources and taking financial risk to start and run a business. In apparel it may mean a tailoring unit, boutique or home furnishing workshop.

A written document describing a venture's product, target customers, market, operations, costs, pricing and expected profit. It guides the owner and supports loan or scheme applications.

Systematic collection of information about customers, competitors, prices and demand before starting or expanding a business. Findings help decide product range, location and pricing.