KVS PRT cheat sheet
KVS PRT · Keep the key ideas within reach.
General English
Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; compound subjects joined by 'and' take a plural verb, but 'each', 'every', 'either', and 'neither' stay singular.
Articles: 'a' precedes consonant sounds, 'an' precedes vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' marks specific or unique referents.
Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to present; past perfect (had + participle) marks the earlier of two past events.
Active to passive: move object to subject position and use be + past participle; keep tense and number of the original verb.
Direct to indirect speech: shift present to past, change pronouns by person, and adjust time words (now to then, today to that day).
Prepositions of time: 'in' for months, years, seasons; 'on' for days and dates; 'at' for clock times and fixed points.
Conditionals: Type 1 (if + present, will + verb), Type 2 (if + past, would + verb), Type 3 (if + had + participle, would have + participle).
Common error traps: 'one of the' takes a plural noun with a singular verb; 'since' pairs with a point in time, 'for' with a duration.
Synonyms and antonyms are tested by register: match the part of speech and connotation, not just a dictionary gloss.
General Hindi
स्वर 11 और व्यंजन 33 होते हैं; स्वर के तीन भेद हैं-ह्रस्व, दीर्घ और प्लुत।
वर्ण-विच्छेद में संयुक्त व्यंजन को अलग करें: क्ष = क् + ष, त्र = त् + र, ज्ञ = ज् + ञ।
संधि: स्वर संधि (विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय), व्यंजन संधि (सत् + जन = सज्जन), विसर्ग संधि (निः + चय = निश्चय)।
समास के भेद: तत्पुरुष (राजपुत्र), द्वंद्व (माता-पिता), द्विगु (त्रिलोक), बहुव्रीहि (चक्रधर), अव्ययीभाव (प्रतिदिन)।
उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं-अनु (पीछे/समान), अप (बुरा), प्रति (ओर), वि (विशेष); प्रत्यय दो प्रकार के: कृत् और तद्धित।
कारक के आठ भेद हैं; 'ने' कर्ता कारक और 'को' कर्म कारक का प्रत्यय चिह्न है।
वाच्य: कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य और भाववाच्य; कर्मवाच्य में क्रिया कर्म के लिंग-वचन के अनुसार होती है।
मुहावरे अर्थ सहित पूछे जाते हैं-जैसे 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' का अर्थ भाग जाना है; लोकोक्ति पूर्ण वाक्य होती है।
General Knowledge and Current Affairs
Indian Constitution: adopted 26 November 1949, came into force 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.
Fundamental Rights occupy Part III (Articles 12–35); Directive Principles are Part IV (Articles 36–51); Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976.
The President is elected by an electoral college; the Vice-President is ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
National symbols: tiger is the national animal, peacock the national bird, lotus the national flower, and 'Jana Gana Mana' the national anthem.
Key dates: National Education Day 11 November (Maulana Abul Kalam Azad's birthday); Teachers' Day 5 September; Republic Day parade on Rajpath/Kartavya Path.
Geography: Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states; the Deccan Plateau lies between the Western and Eastern Ghats.
Science basics: SI unit of force is newton, of pressure pascal; photosynthesis converts CO2 and water into glucose using chlorophyll and sunlight.
Current affairs should be tracked by scheme name, launch year, and nodal ministry, since questions typically test one of these three anchors.
Reasoning Ability
Coding-decoding: map letter positions (A=1 … Z=26) and test constant shifts, reversal, or alternating patterns before concluding.
Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender markers; 'maternal' and 'paternal' decide which side of the tree the person sits.
Direction sense: assign north up and east right; a right turn from north gives east, and net displacement uses Pythagoras on the two legs.
Series completion: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating sub-series before assuming a single rule.
Syllogism: 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; conclusions must hold in every possible Venn diagram of the premises.
Seating arrangement: for a circle facing centre, a left turn moves clockwise; facing outward, left moves anticlockwise.
Odd-one-out and analogy questions are solved by identifying the shared attribute (category, function, or part-whole relation).
Ranking: if a person is nth from the left in a row of N, their rank from the right is N − n + 1.
Computer Literacy
1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB; ROM is non-volatile, RAM is volatile.
Input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanner, and microphone; output devices include monitor, printer, and speaker.
Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Alt+F4 close window.
MS Word: Ctrl+B bold, Ctrl+I italic, Ctrl+U underline; mail merge combines a main document with a data source.
MS Excel: every formula begins with '='; A1 is a mixed reference, $A$1 absolute; SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, and IF are common functions.
Internet terms: URL is the address, HTTP/HTTPS the protocol, browser the client software; HTTPS adds encryption over HTTP.
Email fields: To for primary recipients, Cc for visible copies, Bcc for hidden copies; attachment size limits vary by provider.
Malware types: virus attaches to files, worm self-replicates across networks, trojan disguises as legitimate software, ransomware encrypts data for payment.
Pedagogy and Child Development
Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0–2), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11), formal operational (11+); conservation emerges in the concrete operational stage.
Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent performance and assisted performance; scaffolding bridges it.
Kohlberg's moral development: pre-conventional (obedience, self-interest), conventional (social approval, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethics).
Erikson's psychosocial stages pair a crisis with each age; the school-age crisis is industry versus inferiority.
Continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE) assesses scholastic and co-scholastic areas continuously rather than through a single terminal exam.
Bloom's taxonomy (revised): Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create - lower to higher order thinking.
Inclusive education adapts curriculum and assessment to learner diversity; the RTE Act, 2009 guarantees free and compulsory education for ages 6–14.
Learning disability markers: dyslexia affects reading, dysgraphia writing, dyscalculia arithmetic, dyspraxia motor coordination.
General English - Quick Reference
'Few' means almost none (negative); 'a few' means some (positive); 'little' and 'a little' follow the same pattern for uncountable nouns.
Reported questions use statement order: 'He asked where I lived', not 'He asked where did I live'.
Modals: 'should' for advice, 'must' for obligation, 'can' for ability, 'may' for permission, 'might' for remote possibility.
Collective nouns (team, jury, committee) take a singular verb when acting as one unit and a plural verb when members act individually.
Use 'who' for subjects and 'whom' for objects; 'which' for things, 'that' for restrictive clauses.
Idioms tested in KVS papers include 'a bolt from the blue' (sudden shock) and 'to burn the midnight oil' (study late).