KVS PRT key terms

The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a language, such as the difference between /p/ and /b/ in pat and bat.

The smallest meaningful unit of language that cannot be divided further without losing meaning, such as the plural -s in books or the word unkind.

A bound morpheme attached before a root word that changes its meaning, as re- does in rewrite or un- does in unhappy.

A bound morpheme added after a root word, often changing its grammatical class, as -ness turns kind into kindness or -ly turns quick into quickly.

Two words that differ in only one phoneme but have different meanings, such as ship and sheep, used to test whether learners can hear a sound contrast.

A word that sounds the same as another but differs in spelling or meaning, such as sea and see or right and write.

A word spelled the same as another but differing in meaning or pronunciation, such as the noun lead (metal) and the verb lead (to guide).

A word that shares either spelling or pronunciation with another word while carrying a different meaning; the umbrella term covering both homophones and homographs.

A word with a meaning close or identical to another word in the same language, such as begin and commence, though register and collocation often differ.

A word expressing a meaning opposite to another, such as hot and cold; gradable pairs allow comparison while complementary pairs do not.

A fixed expression whose overall meaning cannot be worked out from the literal meanings of its individual words, such as kick the bucket.

A verb combined with an adverb or preposition particle that creates a new meaning, such as give up or look after, often with separable or inseparable patterns.

The habitual pairing of words that native speakers consider natural, such as heavy rain rather than strong rain; errors here signal non-native usage.

A clause construction in which the subject performs the action of the verb, as in the teacher explained the lesson, giving a direct and clear style.

A clause construction where the object of the action becomes the subject, formed with be plus past participle, as in the lesson was explained by the teacher.

Reporting a speaker's exact words inside quotation marks, as in She said, I am tired, with tense and pronouns kept as originally spoken.

Conveying what someone said without quoting exactly, usually shifting tense, pronouns and time words, as in She said she was tired.

A group of words containing a subject and a finite verb; an independent clause stands alone while a dependent clause functions inside a larger sentence.

A group of related words that functions as a single unit within a sentence but lacks a subject-verb combination, such as in the morning.

A word that joins words, phrases or clauses, such as and, but, because and although; coordinating types join equals and subordinating types create dependence.

दो वर्णों या शब्दों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय; हिंदी व्याकरण का महत्वपूर्ण प्रकरण है।

संधि से बने शब्द को पुनः उसके मूल रूपों में अलग करने की प्रक्रिया, जैसे सूर्योदय का विच्छेद सूर्य + उदय होता है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र अर्थात राजा का पुत्र; इसके अनेक भेद हैं।

समास से बने संक्षिप्त शब्द को विस्तार से लिखकर उसका पूरा अर्थ स्पष्ट करने की प्रक्रिया, जैसे राजपुत्र का विग्रह राजा का पुत्र।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी मूल शब्द के पहले जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन या विशेषता लाता है, जैसे प्र + हार = प्रहार।

वह शब्दांश जो मूल शब्द के बाद जुड़कर नया शब्द या नया अर्थ बनाता है, जैसे लड़क + पन = लड़कपन।

वे शब्द जिनका अर्थ एक-दूसरे के विपरीत होता है, जैसे दिन का विलोम रात तथा सुख का विलोम दुख होता है।

एक ही अर्थ या समान अर्थ वाले अनेक शब्दों को पर्यायवाची कहते हैं, जैसे कमल के लिए पंकज, नीरज और सरोज प्रयुक्त होते हैं।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है, जैसे आँखों में धूल झोंकना अर्थात धोखा देना।

जनसमाज में प्रचलित पूर्ण वाक्य रूप की कहावत, जो कोई अनुभवजन्य सत्य या नीति व्यक्त करती है, जैसे अब पछताए होत क्या।

काव्य पढ़ने या सुनने से मन में उत्पन्न होने वाला आनंदमय भाव, जिसके श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र आदि नौ प्रकार माने जाते हैं।

काव्य की शोभा बढ़ाने वाले तत्व, जो शब्दों या अर्थ के चमत्कार से उत्पन्न होते हैं, जैसे अनुप्रास और उपमा अलंकार।

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens under Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable through writs in courts; they include equality, speech, life and education.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution directing governments toward social and economic welfare; they are not directly enforceable in courts.

A formal written order issued by a court commanding action or inaction, such as habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition or quo warranto.

The 2009 law making free and compulsory education a fundamental right for children aged six to fourteen, prescribing pupil-teacher ratios and banning screening.

The maximum number of pupils per teacher mandated by the Right to Education Act, ranging from 30 at primary level to 40 at upper primary level.

A form of deductive reasoning with two premises leading to a conclusion, tested in exams through statements about all, some and no relationships among categories.

A diagram using overlapping circles to show logical relationships among sets, widely used to solve syllogism and classification questions quickly.

A reasoning question that describes family ties through statements or symbols and asks how two people are related, requiring a family tree sketch.

A reasoning topic tracking movement in north, south, east and west, often asking for final distance or facing direction using Pythagoras and turns.

A reasoning topic where letters or words are transformed by a rule, and the candidate must apply or identify that rule to encode or decode a new word.

A question type requiring identification of the pattern in a sequence of numbers, letters or figures so that the next or missing element can be supplied.

System software that manages hardware, files, memory and processes while providing a user interface, such as Windows, Linux, Android or macOS.

Programs designed to help users perform specific tasks such as word processing, spreadsheets, presentations or browsing, as opposed to system software.

A graphical user interface presents programs through windows, icons, menus and a pointer, letting users click rather than type commands at a prompt.

Software organising data in rows and columns of cells, with formulas and functions for calculation, sorting and charting, such as Microsoft Excel.

Uniform Resource Locator, the address typed into a browser to locate a resource on the web, including protocol, domain name and optional path.

A web service that indexes pages and returns ranked results for a user's query, such as Google or Bing, often supporting operators and filters.

Four sequential stages of thinking from infancy to adolescence: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational, each with distinct reasoning limits.

The understanding that quantity stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement; children typically acquire it in the concrete operational stage.

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more capable person.

Temporary support a teacher or peer provides so a learner can complete a task beyond independent ability, gradually withdrawn as competence grows.

An assessment approach judging learning throughout the year across scholastic and co-scholastic areas, using varied tools rather than only term-end examinations.

Assessment carried out during teaching to gather evidence about learning and adjust instruction, typically low-stakes and feedback-oriented rather than graded for promotion.

An approach where schools adapt curriculum, environment and teaching so that all children, including those with disabilities, learn together in regular classrooms.

A written plan for a child with special needs setting specific learning goals, supports, accommodations and review timelines, prepared collaboratively with teachers and parents.