Maharashtra HSC Hindi (MSBSHSE) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Gadya: theme statement formula

State a universal claim and attach the specific incident from the lesson as evidence. A theme answer that retells events without the universal claim scores as plot summary, not theme.

Gadya: character sketch components

Three parts: the character's identity, two or three actions revealing temperament, and one verbatim quotation as evidence. Quotation must be exact, not paraphrased.

Gadya: pratyaksh vs apratyaksh

Pratyaksh kathan is a direct statement printed in the text. Apratyaksh kathan is an inference the reader draws. Questions asking what the author implies require the inferential reading.

Gadya: uddeshya and vidheya

Uddeshya is what the sentence is about; vidheya is what is said about it. A question asking for the uddeshya expects only the subject noun phrase, not the predicate.

Gadya: direct to indirect conversion

Change pronouns to third person, shift the tense back one step, and replace quotation marks with की or म्हणून. The reported content keeps its original sequence.

Padya: upama vs rupak

Upama is a simile and requires a comparison word such as सारखा, प्रमाणे, इव, or वाणी. Rupak directly identifies one thing as another with no comparison word.

Padya: anuprasa test

The same consonant must repeat at least twice in close proximity with a different vowel each time. Identical syllable repetition with the same meaning is punarukti, not anuprasa.

Padya: atishayokti vs utpreksha

Atishayokti exaggerates a real quality for effect. Utpreksha imagines something as if it were true, signalled by जणू or जैसे. The comparison word decides which device is present.

Padya: nine rasas list

Shringar, karuna, veer, hasya, raudra, bhayanak, adbhut, bibhatsa, shant. Match the dominant emotion of the whole poem rather than a single line.

Padya: appreciation answer skeleton

Name poet and poem, state the central sentiment in one line, name two alankars with quoted examples, comment on diction, and close with one personal takeaway sentence.

Padya: yamak vs shlesh

Yamak repeats the same word or syllable with different meanings. Shlesh uses one word once to yield two meanings. Repetition of form distinguishes yamak from shlesh.

Rachna: formal letter order

Sender address, date, receiver designation and address, vishay line, salutation, body, signature. A missing vishay line or date is a format deduction regardless of content quality.

Rachna: notice format

Boxed heading NOTICE or सूचना, body of five lines maximum covering event, date, time, venue, issuing authority below the body, and complete contact details. No salutation.

Rachna: summary rule

Compress to one-third of the original length, keep third person, retain the original sequence of ideas, delete examples and quotations, and add a one-line title naming the main idea.

Rachna: report content

Title line, opening sentence stating what, where, and when, body covering sequence, chief guest, and participant count, then reporter's name and designation at bottom right. No first person.

Rachna: nibandh structure

Three paragraphs minimum: prastavana of two or three sentences, vistar of four to six sentences with two concrete examples, and samarop of two or three sentences ending forward-looking.

Vyakaran: savarna dirgha sandhi

Same or similar vowels combine into the corresponding long vowel: अ/आ + अ/आ = आ, इ/ई + इ/ई = ई, उ/ऊ + उ/ऊ = ऊ. The result is always long.

Vyakaran: guna sandhi results

अ/आ + इ/ई = ए; अ/आ + उ/ऊ = ओ; अ/आ + ऋ = अर्. Vriddhi differs: अ/आ + ए/ऐ = ऐ and अ/आ + ओ/औ = औ.

Vyakaran: karak vibhakti markers

Karta takes ने, karma takes ला, karan takes ने or करून, sampradan takes ला after a verb of giving, apadan takes पासून or हून, adhikaran takes त or मध्ये.

Vyakaran: muhavara vs lokokti

A muhavara is an idiom with a non-literal meaning that fits inside a sentence. A lokokti is a complete sentence carrying folk wisdom and usable as advice.

Vyakaran: vakya bhed rule

One finite verb means saral. Two independent clauses joined by a coordinator mean sanyukta. One main plus one dependent clause means mishra. Two or more dependent clauses mean sankirna.

Vyakaran: karmani vachya conversion

The object becomes subject and takes ने or कडून, the original subject takes ला or is dropped, and the verb becomes a past participle agreeing with the new subject.

Pathya Pustak: author-lesson pairing

The textbook heading prints each author's name with birth and death years. Memorize the pairing bidirectionally, since questions may give the author and ask for the lesson or the reverse.

Pathya Pustak: abhang form

Devotional verse in four-line stanzas with a refrain and a signature line naming the poet. Identify it by the refrain and signature rather than by subject matter alone.

Pathya Pustak: ovi metre

A three-and-a-half-line metre used in narrative devotional poetry. Distinguished from abhang by line count and by the absence of a four-line stanza pattern.

Pathya Pustak: theme vs message

Theme is what the text is about, stated as a universal claim. Message is what the reader should do, stated as a recommendation. Questions using संदेश expect the message.

Pathya Pustak: title justification

State in one sentence why the title fits, citing one specific incident from the lesson. A general statement about the lesson's importance does not satisfy the question.

Apathit: answer location rule

For factual questions the answer is a single sentence in the passage. Copy it and adjust the pronoun; do not invent or paraphrase beyond what the text states.

Apathit: contrast marker rule

Words such as परंतु, तथापि, and उलट signal the author's real position. The answer to a question about the author's view usually follows the contrast marker, not precedes it.

Apathit: unseen poem order

Identify the central emotion first, then the alankar, then the difficult word's meaning from context. This order matches the typical sub-question sequence and saves time.

Apathit: inference types

Literal inference is stated in the passage. Bridging inference combines two stated facts. Elaborative inference adds background knowledge. Evaluative inference is the reader's supported judgment.

Apathit: title selection

The title must be a noun phrase naming the central subject or conflict, supported by the opening and closing sentences, and must not introduce information absent from the passage.