Maharashtra SSC Sindhi (First Language) key terms

The joining of two adjacent sounds into one, with the resulting form written as a single word. Sindhi uses vowel and consonant sandhi when compounding, so recognising the original parts helps explain spelling changes.

Sandhi occurring between two vowels at a word boundary, where the vowels merge, contract, or one becomes a glide. Identifying the two original vowels is the standard way to explain the new written form.

Sandhi involving a consonant at the junction of two words, often with doubling or a change of articulation. Textbooks ask candidates to split such words back into their components.

A compound in which two or more words combine into a single unit expressing one idea. Sindhi grammar classifies compounds by which member carries the main meaning, and candidates must name the type and expand the compound.

A compound whose meaning refers to something outside its members, usually a possessor of the described quality. For example, a compound meaning 'having a fair complexion' names the person, not the complexion itself.

A compound in which the first member modifies the second, and the second member carries the main meaning. Expanding it usually restores a case relationship between the two words.

A word expressing an action, occurrence, or state. In Sindhi the verb agrees with the subject in person, number, and gender, and tense is shown by changes in the verb form or by auxiliaries.

The grammatical marking of time reference: present, past, and future, each with simple, continuous, and perfect forms. Candidates are asked to convert sentences from one tense to another without changing meaning.

The tense used for actions happening now, habitual actions, and general truths. Its Sindhi forms change with person and number, and continuous and perfect present forms use auxiliary verbs.

The tense referring to completed or earlier actions. Sindhi distinguishes simple past, past continuous, and past perfect, and the auxiliary chosen must match the subject's person and gender.

The grammatical category showing whether the subject performs or receives the action. Converting active to passive in Sindhi changes the verb form and adjusts the subject, and the agent is often marked with a postposition.

The voice in which the grammatical subject is the doer of the action. It is the unmarked, direct construction, and most narrative prose in the prescribed lessons uses it.

The voice in which the grammatical subject receives the action and the doer is backgrounded or marked by a postposition. Transformation questions require keeping the original tense and meaning intact.

A word naming a person, place, thing, or abstract idea. Sindhi nouns carry gender and number, and their case relations are shown by postpositions rather than by changing the noun itself.

A word that qualifies a noun by describing a quality, quantity, or number. In Sindhi, adjectives usually precede the noun and many inflect for gender and number to agree with it.

A word modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb, telling how, when, where, or how much. In Sindhi many adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding a suffix.

A word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition. Sindhi distinguishes personal, reflexive, demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns, and the choice must agree with the noun it replaces.

A word placed after a noun or pronoun to show its relation to another element, functioning like an English preposition. Sindhi relies heavily on postpositions to mark case roles such as agent, object, and location.

The classification of sentences as declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, and optative. Transformation exercises ask candidates to change one type into another while preserving the sense.

A sentence that asks a question, marked in Sindhi by an interrogative word or by intonation and punctuation. Converting a statement into a question often requires reordering and adding an interrogative particle.

A sentence expressing denial, formed in Sindhi with negative particles placed before the verb. Converting affirmative to negative must keep the original meaning, often by using a paired negative construction.

A word with a meaning close to another word. Examination items give a word from the prescribed text and ask for a matching word, so candidates should learn synonyms in context rather than in isolation.

A word expressing the opposite of another word. Antonym questions usually draw on words from the prescribed prose and poetry lessons, so revision should pair each word with its opposite.

The stock of words a learner can understand and use. For this paper it means the words, phrases, and expressions drawn from the prescribed prose, poetry, and supplementary lessons, plus everyday usage.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from the individual words. Idiom questions ask for the sense of the phrase and for correct use in a sentence, not a literal translation.

A short, traditional saying that expresses common wisdom or a moral observation. Candidates should know the meaning and an appropriate context for each proverb rather than only its wording.

A bound element attached before a root or word that modifies its meaning, often reversing or intensifying it. Word-formation items ask candidates to identify the prefix or build a new word with one.

A bound element attached after a root or word that changes its meaning or its grammatical class. Sindhi uses suffixes to form nouns from verbs, adjectives from nouns, and adverbs from adjectives.

Written language in ordinary sentence form, without the line and rhythm structure of poetry. The prescribed prose lessons are tested for factual comprehension, theme, character, and the writer's purpose.

The central idea or message a lesson conveys, distinct from its plot or facts. Theme questions reward a short statement supported by evidence from the text, not a retelling of the whole lesson.

The way a writer builds and reveals a character through action, speech, description, and the reactions of others. Answers should cite specific incidents from the prescribed lesson to support each trait claimed.

Composition in verse, organised in lines and stanzas and shaped by rhythm and sound. Poetry questions cover the poet's message, imagery, tone, and the effect of the verse form.

A deliberate use of language that departs from plain statement to create an effect, such as simile, metaphor, or personification. Candidates must name the figure and quote the words that create it.

The emotional flavour a literary work evokes in a receptive reader, such as compassion, heroism, or wonder. Naming the dominant sentiment requires linking it to specific lines and situations in the text.

The non-detailed text component, where lessons are read for general understanding rather than close language study. Questions focus on events, characters, and the moral or message of each piece.

A passage not from the prescribed textbook, followed by comprehension questions. Answers must be drawn from the passage itself, and vocabulary or inference items test reading skill rather than memorised content.

A structured piece of writing on a given topic with an introduction, developed body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Marking rewards relevance, organisation, and correct Sindhi rather than length alone.

Writing a formal or informal letter in the layout expected by the paper: sender details, date, salutation, body, closing, and signature. Formal letters use restrained, impersonal language; personal letters may be warmer.

Writing a factual account of an event, usually with a heading, place and date, and a clear sequence of what happened. Reports stay impersonal and factual, avoiding the writer's personal opinion.

Composing a conversation between two or more speakers, with each turn marked by the speaker's name. Good dialogue sounds natural, stays on the given situation, and moves the exchange forward.

Rendering a text from one language into another while preserving meaning, tone, and register. In this paper it usually means translating between Sindhi and English or Hindi, keeping technical terms accurate.