Maharashtra SSC Gujarati L2/L3 (MSBSHSE) key terms

The joining of two adjacent sounds into one, often shown in writing as a combined form, as when a word-final vowel meets an initial vowel. Candidates identify the type and split the combined word back into its parts.

A sandhi in which two vowels combine, producing a single long or modified vowel sound. Recognising it helps candidates spell joined words correctly and explain why a written vowel differs from the vowels of the separate words.

A sandhi where a consonant is doubled or changed at the meeting point of two words or morphemes. Candidates usually show the change and name the resulting consonant cluster in transformation questions.

A vowel sandhi in which a short or simple vowel before a vowel becomes a guṇa vowel such as a, e, or o. It is one of the named sandhi types candidates classify in grammar items.

A vowel sandhi producing a strengthened (vṛddhi) vowel such as ā, ai, or au. Candidates distinguish it from guṇa sandhi by the length and quality of the resulting vowel.

A compound in which two or more words combine into a single noun, losing some inflections. Candidates split compounds into their constituent words and name the compound type in grammar questions.

A compound in which the first member qualifies the second and the second is the main meaning, as a noun governed by another. Candidates identify it by checking which member carries the head meaning.

A compound in which both members refer to the same thing, one describing the other like an adjective and noun. Candidates test it by asking whether the two members share one referent.

A compound joining two or more words of equal rank, usually linked by 'and', with both meanings retained. Candidates recognise it because splitting the compound gives coordinate words rather than a head and modifier.

A compound whose meaning refers to something outside its members, so the compound names a person or thing described by the parts. Candidates identify it by noting that neither member is the head.

A compound beginning with an indeclinable word such as a prefix or adverb, forming a term used as an indeclinable. Candidates identify it by the unchangeable first member and the adverbial sense.

An indeclinable word whose form does not change for gender, number, or case, such as adverbs and prepositions. Candidates use it when classifying words and when explaining why no ending is added.

A noun: a word naming a person, place, thing, or abstract idea. Candidates classify nouns by type and check agreement with verbs and adjectives in sentence-correction items.

A pronoun, a word standing in place of a noun, such as I, you, he, this, or someone. Candidates match pronouns to their antecedents and check person, number, and gender agreement.

A relative pronoun such as 'who' or 'which' that links a clause to a preceding noun. Candidates use it to join sentences and to identify the noun the relative clause describes.

An adjective: a word describing or limiting a noun, agreeing with it in gender, number, and case in Gujarati. Candidates choose correct endings and place adjectives before the noun they qualify.

An adverb: a word modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb, telling how, when, where, or how much. Candidates identify it by asking which word it describes in the sentence.

A verb: the word expressing an action or state, carrying tense, person, number, and gender marking in Gujarati. Candidates match it to its subject and keep tense consistent across a passage.

The subject of a sentence, the doer or experiencer the verb agrees with. Candidates locate it to check verb agreement and to decide whether a sentence is active or passive.

The object of a verb, the thing affected by the action. Candidates distinguish direct from indirect objects when converting between active and passive voice.

Voice: the form of a verb showing whether the subject acts or is acted upon. Candidates convert sentences between active, passive, and impersonal forms in transformation questions.

Active voice, where the subject is the doer of the action and the verb agrees with it. Candidates use it as the starting point when rewriting passive sentences.

Passive voice, where the object becomes the subject and the verb takes a passive form. Candidates convert to it and check that the original object now controls verb agreement.

The pair of skills of forming a compound and writing its expanded explanation (vigraha). Candidates give the vigraha to prove which compound type a word belongs to.

Word classification by origin and formation, such as native, borrowed, or derived words. Candidates identify the source of a word and choose the correct spelling in vocabulary items.

A word borrowed from Sanskrit with little or no change in form. Candidates recognise these because their spelling matches the Sanskrit original rather than everyday Gujarati speech.

A word derived from Sanskrit but changed in form to fit Gujarati pronunciation and usage. Candidates compare it with the Sanskrit source when classifying vocabulary.

Spelling: the correct written form of a word, including vowel signs, doubled consonants, and final marks. Candidates correct misspelt words and apply spelling rules in dictation and editing tasks.

Punctuation marks such as the full stop, comma, question mark, and quotation marks. Candidates insert or correct them so that a passage reads clearly and quoted speech is marked properly.

A compound sentence made by joining two or more independent clauses with a conjunction. Candidates combine short sentences into one and punctuate the join correctly.

A complex sentence containing one main clause and at least one dependent clause. Candidates identify the main clause and choose a suitable subordinating conjunction when combining sentences.

Summarising: reducing a passage to its main points in one's own words within a word limit. Candidates select key ideas, drop examples, and keep the original order and tense.

The central meaning or gist of a passage or poem, stated briefly in plain prose. Candidates write it without copying sentences and without adding personal opinion.

Prose writing that is not arranged in metrical lines, including stories, essays, and reports. Candidates answer comprehension questions by locating evidence in the prose passage.

Poetry written in metrical lines and stanzas, often with rhyme and imagery. Candidates read it for theme and figure of speech rather than literal sentence order.

A figure of speech that adds beauty or emphasis, such as simile, metaphor, or personification. Candidates name the figure used in a line and justify the choice with the words that signal it.

Simile: an explicit comparison using a word such as 'like' or 'as'. Candidates identify it by the presence of a comparison marker between the two things compared.

Metaphor: an implied comparison in which one thing is spoken of as if it were another, without a comparison marker. Candidates distinguish it from simile by the absence of 'like' or 'as'.

The literal dictionary meaning of a word, as opposed to its suggested or figurative sense. Candidates use it to explain vocabulary in context and to contrast with extended meaning.

An extended or figurative meaning a word takes on in context beyond its literal sense. Candidates explain it by pointing to the surrounding words that create the shift.