Verbs, tense and sentence patterns (ક્રિયાપદ અને કાળ)
Verbs, tense and sentence patterns
This domain tests conjugation, subject–verb agreement and sentence transformation. Two features decide most answers: the tense endings themselves, and the ergative -એ used with transitive verbs in perfective tenses.
Core endings
- Present: કરું છું, કરે છે, કરે છે, કરીએ છીએ, કરો છો, કરે છે (I, you, he/she, we, you pl., they).
- Simple future: કરીશ, કરીશ, કરશે, કરીશું, કરશો, કરશે.
- Perfective (simple past): કર્યું, કર્યો, કરી, કર્યા - the form is chosen by the object when the verb is transitive.
- Imperative: કર, કરો, કરજો.
- Negative: હું નથી કરતો (habitual), મેં નથી કર્યું (perfective).
Word order and sentence types
The order is Subject–Object–Verb, with the verb last. The paper asks you to identify or convert વિધાનાર્થી (statement), પ્રશ્નાર્થી (question), આજ્ઞાર્થી (command) and ઉદ્ગારાર્થી (exclamation).
Worked example
Change to the past: રમેશ ચિઠ્ઠી લખે છે. The verb is transitive, so the perfective subject takes -એ: રમેશે. The verb then agrees with the object ચિઠ્ઠી, which is feminine singular, giving લખી. Answer: રમેશે ચિઠ્ઠી લખી. With a masculine object the same sentence becomes રમેશે પત્ર લખ્યો, and with a plural object રમેશે પત્રો લખ્યા.
Traps that cost marks
- Adding -એ to an intransitive subject: રમેશ આવ્યો, never રમેશે આવ્યો.
- Making the perfective verb agree with the ergative subject instead of the object.
- Mixing present auxiliary છે into a simple past sentence.
- Keeping statement word order in a question instead of moving the question word to the front and using છે/હતું correctly.