Mukhya Sevika cheat sheet

Domains of development: physical/motor, cognitive, language, socio-emotional, and moral; milestones are sequential but rates vary widely between children.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2 yr, object permanence), preoperational (2-7 yr, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7-11 yr), formal operational (11+ yr).

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience), conventional (social approval, law and order), postconventional (universal ethical principles).

Erikson's early stages: trust vs mistrust (0-1), autonomy vs shame (1-3), initiative vs guilt (3-6), industry vs inferiority (6-12).

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development: the gap between independent ability and ability with adult or peer scaffolding; language drives cognitive growth.

Gross motor sequence: head control, rolling, sitting with support, crawling, standing with support, walking; fine motor follows proximal-to-distal (palmar to pincer grasp).

Bowlby's attachment theory: secure base, separation anxiety peaks around 8-18 months; Ainsworth's Strange Situation classifies secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganised.

Anganwadi early childhood care covers children 0-6 years under ICDS; the first 1000 days (conception to 2 years) is the critical window for growth and brain development.

Energy from macronutrients: carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g.

Balanced diet = energy plus proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water in correct proportion; ICMR recommends cereals, pulses, milk, vegetables, fruits, oils, and limited sugar/salt.

Colostrum (first thick yellowish milk) is rich in antibodies (IgA) and vitamin A; exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, complementary feeding from 6 months with continued breastfeeding to 2 years.

PEM: marasmus = severe energy and protein deficit, gross wasting, no oedema; kwashiorkor = protein deficit with oedema, moon face, sparse hair, flaky paint dermatosis.

Micronutrient deficiencies: vitamin A (night blindness, Bitot's spots), iron (anaemia, pallor, fatigue), iodine (goitre, cretinism), vitamin D (rickets), zinc (growth retardation).

Nutritional assessment: weight-for-age (underweight), height-for-age (stunting), weight-for-height (wasting); MUAC <11.5 cm in children 6-59 months indicates severe acute malnutrition.

Food groups and sources: proteins (pulses, milk, egg, fish), iron (green leafy vegetables, jaggery, liver), calcium (milk, ragi, sesame), vitamin C (citrus, guava, amla) aids iron absorption.

Anaemia control: iron-folic acid supplementation, deworming (albendazole), dietary diversification, and food fortification; National Nutrition Mission (Poshan Abhiyaan) targets reduction of stunting, undernutrition, anaemia and low birth weight.

Immunisation schedule (India, UIP): BCG, OPV-0 and Hepatitis B at birth; OPV, Penta (DPT+HepB+Hib) at 6, 10, 14 weeks; MR at 9-12 months and 16-24 months; DPT booster and OPV booster at 16-24 months; TT/Td for pregnant women.

Vitamin A prophylaxis: 9 doses from 9 months to 5 years, given every 6 months.

Diarrhoea management: ORS (low-osmolarity) plus zinc for 14 days; continue feeding and breastfeeding; danger signs are sunken eyes, no urine, lethargy, inability to drink.

Signs of pneumonia in children: fast breathing (60/min under 2 months, 50/min 2-12 months, 40/min 1-5 years), chest indrawing, stridor; refer immediately.

Handwashing with soap at 5 critical times: before cooking/eating, after defecation, after cleaning a child, before feeding a child, after handling waste.

Safe drinking water and sanitation: use of toilets, safe disposal of child faeces, boiling/filtering/chlorination, protection of water sources.

Growth monitoring: plot weight on the WHO growth chart monthly; a flat or falling growth curve needs referral.

First aid basics: for burns cool with running water (not ice), for choking back blows and abdominal thrusts, for fever tepid sponging and ORS, and refer for convulsions or unconsciousness.

ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) provides six services: supplementary nutrition, non-formal pre-school education, immunisation, health check-up, referral services, and nutrition and health education.

ICDS beneficiaries: children 0-6 years, pregnant and lactating women, and adolescent girls; delivered through Anganwadi Centres staffed by Anganwadi Worker and Helper.

POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission) targets annual reduction of stunting, undernutrition and anaemia and reduction of low birth weight; uses ICDS-CAS digital monitoring.

Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) gives a maternity benefit of Rs 5000 in instalments for the first living child, and Rs 6000 for a second child if it is a girl.

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao focuses on improving the child sex ratio, girls' education and preventing gender-biased sex selection; implemented through districts with low CSR.

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana: small savings account for a girl child below 10 years, with tax-free interest and maturity at 21 years or on marriage after 18.

One Stop Centre (Sakhi) and Women Helpline (181) support women facing violence; Ujjwala provides shelter; Swadhar Greh supports women in difficult circumstances.

Mission Shakti integrates Sambalpur-based schemes into two umbrella sub-schemes: Sambalpur (women's safety and empowerment) and Mission Vatsalya (child protection and welfare).

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, MGNREGA and self-help groups (NRLM/DAY-NRLM) provide income and financial inclusion pathways for women.

Community mobilisation stages: entry into the community, rapport building, needs assessment, participatory planning, action, and monitoring with the community.

Key mobilisers: Anganwadi Worker, ASHA, ANM, self-help groups, PRI members, mothers' groups (Mahila Mandal), and school teachers.

Behaviour change communication (BCC) uses interpersonal communication, group meetings, home visits, street plays, wall paintings, and local folk media.

Participatory tools: transect walk, social mapping, seasonal calendar, Venn diagram, focus group discussion, and participatory rural appraisal (PRA).

Advocacy vs mobilisation: advocacy targets decision-makers and policy; mobilisation organises community members for collective action.

Addressing resistance: identify opinion leaders, use local language and cultural forms, provide evidence, and involve the community in decision-making.

Social audits and community monitoring create accountability; public disclosure of entitlements (e.g., menu, beneficiary lists) supports transparency.

Gender and equity lens: ensure participation of women, SC/ST, disabled, and marginalised households; avoid elite capture in community groups.

Supervision functions: planning, guiding, supporting, monitoring, and evaluating the work of Anganwadi Workers and Helpers.

Supervisory cycle: pre-visit preparation, observation, on-site guidance, feedback, follow-up, and documentation.

Records at Anganwadi Centre: attendance register, growth monitoring card, supplementary nutrition stock and issue register, pre-school register, referral register, home visit register, and cash book.

Monitoring indicators: number of beneficiaries, supplementary nutrition days, pre-school attendance, immunisation coverage, growth promotion, and referral completion.

Supportive supervision uses observation checklists, demonstration, on-the-job training, and constructive feedback rather than fault-finding.

Reporting hierarchy: Anganwadi Worker to Supervisor (Mukhya Sevika) to CDPO to District Programme Officer to State and Ministry.

MIS and digital tools: ICDS-CAS (Common Application Software) captures real-time data on growth monitoring, nutrition, and pre-school.

Record quality rules: entries made in ink, no overwriting, corrections initialled, registers reconciled monthly with physical stock and beneficiary lists.

Evaluation types: formative (during implementation) and summative (end of programme); monitoring is continuous, evaluation is periodic.

Pre-school aims: holistic development of the child, school readiness, and development of language, cognitive, socio-emotional, and motor skills through play.

Activity types: free play, guided play, story telling, rhymes and songs, art and craft, sand and water play, block building, and outdoor games.

Lesson planning components: theme, objectives, materials, activity sequence (warm-up, main activity, closure), and assessment.

Thematic approach: use seasons, festivals, family, animals, transport, and community helpers as themes for integrated activities.

Play-way methods include Montessori (self-directed materials), Froebel (gifts and occupations), and Kindergarten (songs, games, creative expression).

Pre-school environment: print-rich walls at child height, low open shelves, safe and washable materials, and outdoor play space.

Assessment in pre-school is observation-based and continuous, recorded in a child portfolio; no formal written tests for children under 6.

Daily routine: arrival and free play, circle time, pre-school session, snack, outdoor play, rest, and departure; balance active and quiet periods.

Inclusive pre-school: adapt activities for children with disabilities, use local language, and involve parents in the learning process.

Ministry of Women and Child Development is headed by a Cabinet Minister; ICDS and nutrition programmes fall under it.

National Nutrition Month (Poshan Maah) is observed in September; International Women's Day is 8 March; International Day of the Girl Child is 11 October.

Constitutional provisions for children: Article 15(3) special provisions for women and children, Article 21A free and compulsory education, Article 24 prohibition of child labour in hazardous work.

Legal framework: POCSO Act 2012, Juvenile Justice Act 2015, Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, Domestic Violence Act 2005, Maternity Benefit Act.

National Health Programmes relevant to children: RMNCH+A, Universal Immunisation Programme, Poshan Abhiyaan, and National Health Mission.

Sustainable Development Goals relevant to the sector: SDG 2 (zero hunger), SDG 3 (good health), SDG 4 (quality education), SDG 5 (gender equality).

Key institutions: NIPCCD (training and research), NCPCR (child rights), NCW (women's commission), and State Child Protection Societies.

Current schemes to track: Poshan Tracker, Mission Shakti, Mission Vatsalya, PMMVY, and Ayushman Bharat for health coverage.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; weighted average = sum of (value x weight) / sum of weights.

Percentage change = (new value - old value) / old value x 100; percentage increase followed by equal decrease does not return to the original value.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; divide a quantity in ratio a:b by using parts a/(a+b) and b/(a+b).

Simple interest = P x R x T / 100; compound interest = P(1 + R/100)^T - P.

Profit and loss: profit% = profit/cost price x 100; selling price = cost price x (100 + profit%)/100.

Number series and analogy reasoning: identify the pattern (difference, ratio, square, cube, alternate series) before choosing the next term.

Coding-decoding: letter positions A=1 to Z=26; reverse alphabet position = 27 - position; common shifts are +1, -1, or mirror pairs (A-Z, B-Y).

Blood relations and direction sense: draw a diagram; for directions, use a compass and track net displacement with Pythagoras where needed.

Time and work: if A does a job in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x+y) days.

Communication process: sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback, and noise; feedback closes the loop.

Types: verbal (spoken, written) and non-verbal (body language, gestures, facial expression, tone, eye contact, proxemics).

Barriers to communication: physical, semantic, psychological, cultural, and organisational; overcome with simple language, active listening, and feedback.

Active listening skills: attention, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, asking open questions, and avoiding interruption.

Official correspondence: letters, notices, minutes, and reports use clear, concise, formal language; minutes record decisions and action points.

Report writing structure: title, introduction, objectives, methodology, findings, recommendations, and conclusion.

Grammar essentials: subject-verb agreement, correct tense sequence, active vs passive voice, and use of articles and prepositions.

Public speaking and group communication: plan the message, know the audience, use visual aids, maintain eye contact, and invite questions.

Local language and pictorial communication increase reach among low-literacy audiences; avoid jargon and technical terms in community communication.