MahaTransco LDC cheat sheet

Marathi has 12 vowels (स्वर) - अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ए ऐ ओ औ - and 36 consonants (व्यंजने); writing runs left to right in Devanagari.

Three genders: पुल्लिंग (masculine), स्त्रीलिंग (feminine), नपुंसकलिंग (neuter). Neuter nouns take -े in plural (घर → घरे); masculine -ा nouns often become -े (मुलगा → मुले).

Two numbers (एकवचन/अनेकवचन) and three persons. Marathi has no dual; Sanskrit dual forms do not apply.

Eight cases (विभक्ती) are taught with प्रत्यय: -ने (कर्ता), -ला/-स (कर्म), -त/-ने (करण), -ला/-स/-त (संप्रदान), -पासून (अपादान), -चा/-ची/-चे (संबंध), -त/-मध्ये (अधिकरण), and the vocative संबोधन.

सर्वनाम (pronouns) change by person and politeness: मी/आम्ही, तू/तुम्ही/आपण. आपण is inclusive or respectful; तुम्ही is polite plural.

क्रियापद (verbs) agree with subject in person, number and gender; the -तो/-ते/-तात present and -ला/-ली/-ले past are the highest-yield conjugations.

Sandhi (संधी) joins words: स्वर संधी (विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी) and व्यंजन संधी. समास (compound) types include द्वंद्व, तत्पुरुष, बहुव्रीहि, द्विगु, अव्ययीभाव, कर्मधारय.

अलंकार (figures of speech): उपमा (simile, with सारखा/प्रमाणे), रूपक (metaphor), अनुप्रास (alliteration), उत्प्रेक्षा, व्यतिरेक. वृत्त are metrical patterns; मात्रा counts short/long syllables.

Common error traps: शुद्ध-अशुद्ध pairs such as 'क्रमांक' not 'क्रमांक', 'उपयोग' vs 'वापर', and correct use of अनुस्वार (ं) versus अनुनासिक (ँ).

Twelve tenses = 3 times × 4 aspects (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous). Present perfect uses has/have + past participle and never takes a finished past time marker like 'yesterday'.

Subject-verb agreement: 'one of the + plural noun' takes a singular verb; 'each/every/either/neither' are singular; collective nouns are singular unless members act individually.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds (a university, a one-rupee coin), 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an MLA). 'The' is used for unique things, superlatives, rivers, ranges and ordinal numbers.

Prepositions of time: at (clock time), on (days/dates), in (months, years, long periods). No preposition before 'home', 'this morning', 'last week'.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent takes 'by'. Only transitive verbs passivise.

Direct to indirect speech: shift tense one step back, change pronouns by person rule (1st→speaker, 2nd→listener, 3rd→unchanged), and convert 'this/here/today' to 'that/there/that day'.

Conditionals: Type 1 (if + present, will + V1), Type 2 (if + past, would + V1), Type 3 (if + had + V3, would have + V3).

Common confusables tested: affect/effect, principal/principle, its/it's, stationary/stationery, complement/compliment, eminent/imminent.

Vocabulary devices: synonym, antonym, one-word substitution (e.g., 'one who eats everything' = omnivore), idiom meaning, and spotting the misspelt word among four options.

Percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100. Successive changes of a% and b% give a single change of a + b + ab/100 percent.

Profit and loss: profit% and loss% are always calculated on cost price unless stated otherwise. SP = CP × (100 + profit%)/100.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100. Compound interest = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1]; for 2 years CI − SI = P(R/100)².

Average = sum of values / number of values. If every value rises by k, the average rises by k; if multiplied by k, the average multiplies by k.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc. To divide a sum in ratio a:b:c, use parts = a + b + c and share = total × part/parts.

Time, speed, distance: distance = speed × time; average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x + y). 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s.

Time and work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days. Work done = rate × time; use LCM of days as total work.

Mensuration: circle area = πr², circumference = 2πr; rectangle area = l × b; triangle area = ½ × base × height; cylinder volume = πr²h; sphere volume = (4/3)πr³.

Number system: divisibility by 3 or 9 by digit sum, by 4 by last two digits, by 8 by last three, by 11 by alternating digit-sum difference; LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating or two interleaved series before concluding a pattern.

Coding-decoding: identify the shift type (forward, backward, alternating, positional value, reversal) by comparing the first pair of letters only.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with + for male, − for female; vertical lines for generations, horizontal lines for siblings and spouses.

Direction sense: fix north at the top; on turning right from north you face east, left from north you face west. Use Pythagoras for shortest distance.

Syllogism: valid conclusions must be true in every possible diagram. 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; 'Some A are B' is reversible.

Seating arrangement: in a circle facing the centre, right means anticlockwise and left means clockwise; reverse this when facing outward.

Odd-one-out and analogy: classify by number of letters, vowel count, meaning category, or letter-position sum.

Calendar: a normal year shifts the day by 1, a leap year by 2. Century codes: 1600–1699 = 6, 1700–1799 = 4, 1800–1899 = 2, 1900–1999 = 0, 2000–2099 = 6.

Clock: angle between hands = |30H − 5.5M| degrees. Hands coincide 11 times in 12 hours and are opposite 11 times in 12 hours.

Maharashtra has 36 districts and 6 revenue divisions: Konkan, Pune, Nashik, Aurangabad (Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar), Amravati and Nagpur.

Maharashtra Day is 1 May, marking the 1960 split of Bombay State into Maharashtra and Gujarat; the state capital is Mumbai, with the legislature in both Mumbai and Nagpur.

State symbols: state animal - Indian giant squirrel (शेकरू); state bird - yellow-footed green pigeon (हरियाल); state tree - mango; state flower - jarul (Pride of India).

The Bombay High Court (1862) is the high court for Maharashtra and Goa, with a bench at Nagpur and Aurangabad; the Maharashtra Public Service Commission sits in Mumbai.

Constitutional offices: President is head of state, Prime Minister heads the government; a Governor is appointed by the President for each state, and the Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor.

Key national facts: the Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950; the Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976); the Right to Education is Article 21A.

Indian geography: the Tropic of Cancer passes through Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.

Space and defence: ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 soft-landed near the lunar south pole in August 2023; Aditya-L1 is the solar observatory mission launched in September 2023.

Current-affairs method: note appointments, schemes, awards, sports hosts and indices for the past 12 months, and verify dates against an official government or PIB source.

Hardware vs software: CPU (ALU + control unit), RAM is volatile working memory, ROM is non-volatile; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB.

Windows shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+A select all, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Alt+Tab switch window, Alt+F4 close.

MS Word: Ctrl+B/I/U for bold/italic/underline, Ctrl+E centre, Ctrl+L left, Ctrl+J justify, Ctrl+F find, Ctrl+H replace, F7 spell check.

MS Excel: every formula starts with '='; a cell reference like A1 is relative, $A$1 is absolute; SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MAX, MIN are the most-tested functions.

Excel error codes: #DIV/0! division by zero, #REF! deleted reference, #VALUE! wrong data type, #NAME? unrecognised text in a formula, #N/A value not available.

MS PowerPoint: F5 starts the slideshow from the beginning, Shift+F5 from the current slide, Esc ends it; a .pptx file holds slides, layouts and notes.

Internet basics: URL identifies a resource, HTTP/HTTPS is the transfer protocol, an IP address identifies a device, and a browser renders HTML pages.

Email fields: To (primary recipients), Cc (visible copy), Bcc (hidden copy), Subject, and Attachment; Reply goes to sender only, Reply All to all recipients.

Security: a strong password mixes cases, digits and symbols; phishing is a fraudulent message that harvests credentials; antivirus scans for malware, and a firewall filters network traffic.

MahaTransco (Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company Ltd.) was incorporated on 6 June 2005 under the Maharashtra Electricity Reforms Act, 2003, and owns and operates the state's transmission network.

The Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC) was constituted in 1999 under the ERC Act, 1998; it sets tariffs, grants transmission and distribution licences, and approves the MYT (multi-year tariff) framework.

Sector structure after unbundling: generation (MSPGCL and MahaGenco), transmission (MahaTransco), distribution (MSEDCL, plus Adani, Tata Power and BEST in Mumbai), and the state load dispatch centre (MSLDC).

Transmission voltages in Maharashtra run at 765 kV, 400 kV, 220 kV, 132 kV and 66 kV; distribution is typically 33 kV, 11 kV, 400/230 V. India's standard supply frequency is 50 Hz.

Ohm's law: V = IR. Power in a DC circuit: P = VI = I²R = V²/R. For AC, apparent power S = VI (VA), real power P = VI cos φ (W), reactive power Q = VI sin φ (VAR).

Power factor = cos φ = real power / apparent power. A low power factor draws more current for the same load and raises losses; capacitor banks correct it.

Transformer basics: it works on mutual induction, changes voltage level at constant frequency, and is rated in kVA. Turns ratio V1/V2 = N1/N2; an ideal transformer has no losses.

Transmission at high voltage reduces current for the same power, so I²R losses fall; that is why power is stepped up for long-distance transmission and stepped down for distribution.

Safety and protection: earthing gives a low-resistance path to earth, an MCB trips on overload or short circuit, a fuse melts on excess current, and a relay detects faults on transmission lines.

Filing methods: alphabetical (by name), numerical (by number), chronological (by date), geographical (by place) and subject-wise. Choose alphabetical for names, numerical for serial numbers.

Alphabetical order rule: compare letter by letter; 'nothing before something' - shorter word precedes when all its letters match (e.g., 'Ram' before 'Rama').

Numbering and indexing: an index card records file number, subject, date and cross-reference; a register records inward and outward correspondence with serial numbers.

Noting and drafting: a note records facts and the proposed action on a file; a draft is the fair communication issued after approval. D.O. letters are used for semi-official correspondence.

Communication skills: a formal letter carries sender's address, date, receiver's address, subject, salutation, body, complimentary close and signature.

Record-handling etiquette: acknowledge receipt, quote the file or reference number in replies, keep copies, and never disclose confidential papers.

Accuracy checks: verify names, designations, dates, amounts and file numbers before dispatch; a single wrong digit in a file number misdirects the paper.

Time and attention: prioritise statutory or time-bound correspondence, mark urgent items, and follow up on pending references with reminder letters.

Service book (सेवा पुस्तक) records date of birth, qualifications, appointment, postings, leave, increments, promotions and punishments; it is maintained by the appointing authority.

Confidential Report (CR) or Annual Performance Appraisal is written yearly by the reporting officer, reviewed by a reviewing officer and countersigned by the accepting authority; adverse remarks must be communicated.

Leave rules: earned leave and half-pay leave accrue by completed service; casual leave is short and not a right; maternity leave, medical leave and study leave have separate conditions.

Pay fixation: an increment is normally granted on 1 July (or as the applicable rule prescribes); promotion fixes pay under the next-higher-post rule, and a higher pay scale follows the post held.

Pension and retirement: qualifying service is counted for pension; gratuity and family pension follow the scheme applicable to the employee; the retirement age for state employees is generally 60 years unless a post-specific rule applies.

Discipline: minor penalties include censure, withholding of increment and recovery; major penalties include reduction to a lower stage, compulsory retirement, removal and dismissal. A charge sheet and an inquiry precede a major penalty.

Reservation and seniority: the seniority list is prepared cadre-wise by date of appointment; roster and reservation rules follow state government orders and applicable court rulings.

Right to Information Act, 2005: a Public Information Officer responds within 30 days (48 hours where life or liberty is involved); a first appeal lies to the appellate authority within 30 days.