MahaTransco LDC key terms

A suffix attached to a Marathi noun or pronoun to show its grammatical relation, such as कर्ता, कर्म, or संबंध. Choosing the correct suffix is essential for accurate sentence construction in the language paper.

A compound word formed by joining two or more words, where the meaning is carried by a head member. Marathi recognises types such as द्वंद्व, तत्पुरुष, and बहुव्रीही, commonly tested by asking candidates to split or name the compound.

A fixed idiomatic phrase whose overall meaning differs from the literal words, such as हातचे राखणे. Questions usually ask for the correct meaning or for a sentence where the phrase is used appropriately.

A traditional Marathi proverb or maxim carrying folk wisdom, often with a figurative sense. Candidates are asked to complete a proverb, explain its meaning, or match it with a suitable situation.

The grammatical category of number in Marathi, distinguishing एकवचन (singular) and अवचन (plural). Verb endings and pronoun forms change with number, so agreement errors are a frequent test point.

The grammatical gender of a Marathi noun, classified as पुल्लिंग, स्त्रीलिंग, or नपुंसकलिंग. Gender controls adjective and verb agreement, and questions often ask candidates to identify or change the gender of a given word.

The stock of words a reader or writer commands, covering synonyms, antonyms, and one-word substitutions. Vocabulary questions test whether the candidate can replace a phrase with a single precise Marathi word.

Words that carry the same or a very close meaning, such as पर्वत and गिरी. Exam items present one word and ask the candidate to select its synonym from the options given.

Words with opposite meanings, such as उंच and बुटका. Candidates must recognise the antonym of a given word, which also helps in understanding context in comprehension passages.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in 'The list of items is long'. English sections test this with collective nouns, indefinite pronouns, and phrases placed between subject and verb.

Keeping the tense of verbs logically aligned within a sentence or passage. Errors arise when a past-tense narrative slips into present tense without reason, and spotting such shifts is a standard correction task.

The determiners a, an, and the, used before nouns. Choosing between indefinite and definite articles, and between a and an based on sound rather than spelling, is a recurring question type.

Selecting the correct linking word such as in, on, at, of, or to express place, time, or relation. Fixed combinations like 'comply with' or 'deprived of' are frequently tested in error-spotting items.

An expression whose meaning cannot be derived from its individual words, such as 'to bite the bullet'. Questions ask for the meaning of the idiom or for a sentence where it is correctly applied.

Replacing a descriptive phrase with a single precise word, for example 'a person who speaks many languages' becoming 'polyglot'. This tests vocabulary depth and precision under time pressure.

Words with opposite and with similar meanings respectively. English papers ask candidates to pick the nearest synonym or the most suitable antonym, and distractors often include near-misses that differ in tone or register.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, used to compare quantities on a common scale. Problems involve finding a percentage of a number, calculating percentage increase or decrease, and reversing a percentage change.

A ratio compares two quantities of like kind, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal. Typical questions divide a sum in a given ratio or find an unknown term in a proportion.

The sum of a set of values divided by how many values there are. Exam items ask for the average after adding or removing an item, or for the missing value given the overall mean.

Calculations of gain or loss computed against cost price, expressed as a percentage. Questions often combine a marked price, a discount, and the final selling price in a single chain.

Interest computed only on the original principal, using the formula principal × rate × time divided by one hundred. Compound interest, by contrast, adds accrued interest to the base each period.

The relationship that distance equals speed multiplied by time. Problems include relative speed of two moving objects, trains crossing poles or platforms, and conversions between km/h and m/s.

Problems where the rate of work is the reciprocal of the time taken. Combining two workers means adding their rates, and questions ask how long a job takes together or how efficient one worker is.

A form of reasoning with two premises and a conclusion, tested by asking which conclusions logically follow. Candidates must apply rules about 'all', 'some', and 'no' without assuming real-world knowledge.

Puzzles describing family links through statements or a diagram, where the candidate must identify how two people are related. Drawing a quick family tree with standard symbols prevents confusion.

A pattern where words or letters are converted into a code, and the candidate must decode a new word using the same rule. Common rules involve letter shifts, reversals, and number substitution.

Finding the next term in a sequence of numbers, letters, or figures by identifying the underlying rule. Differences, multiples, alternating patterns, and squares are the most frequent bases.

A puzzle placing people in a row or around a table according to clues about position and neighbours. Solving requires fixing one anchor and then applying each condition step by step.

The rights guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution, including equality, freedom of speech, and protection from discrimination. They are enforceable through writ petitions before the Supreme Court or High Courts.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing the state towards social and economic welfare. They are not directly enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance and inform policy making.

The three-tier system of local self-government at village, block, and district level, given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment. Maharashtra has its own Panchayat Raj Act governing these bodies.

An expression beginning with an equals sign that calculates a value from cell references, such as SUM or AVERAGE. Relative and absolute references determine how the formula behaves when copied to other cells.

A word-processing feature that combines a fixed document with a data source to produce personalised copies. It requires a main document, a data file, and merge fields placed in the text.

Keyboard combinations that trigger commands without menus, such as Ctrl+C for copy and Ctrl+P for print. Clerical tests expect familiarity with common combinations in word processors and spreadsheets.

The suffix after the dot in a file name that indicates its format, such as .docx, .xlsx, or .pdf. Recognising extensions helps in choosing the right application and in safe handling of attachments.

A switching device that automatically opens a circuit to protect equipment from overload or short circuit. Unlike a fuse, it can be reset and reused after the fault is cleared.

A static device that changes alternating voltage from one level to another through mutual induction between windings. Transmission uses step-up transformers, while distribution uses step-down units near load centres.

Power dissipated as heat in conductors while carrying current over distance, proportional to the square of the current. Raising transmission voltage lowers current for the same power, thereby reducing such losses.

The ratio of real power to apparent power in an AC circuit, equal to the cosine of the phase angle. A low value means more current for the same useful power, so utilities often penalise it.

A preliminary version of a letter, note, or order prepared for checking and approval before it is issued in final form. Clerical work requires clean drafts with correct references and enclosures.

Registers recording letters and documents received and dispatched, with serial number, date, sender or addressee, and subject. They provide the audit trail for correspondence in an office.

A note added on a letter or file recording the action taken, the authority consulted, or the direction of forwarding. It keeps a written trace of decisions without altering the original document.

The recorded passage of a file from one desk or officer to another, noting dates and remarks at each stage. Proper tracking supports accountability and helps locate pending files during review.

A personal record maintained for each employee showing appointment details, postings, leave, increments, and promotions. It is the primary evidence for verifying service benefits and seniority.

The regulations governing the kinds and sanction of leave available to employees, including casual, earned, and medical leave. They specify entitlement, accumulation limits, and the authority competent to sanction.

An annual assessment of an employee's performance and conduct written by the reporting officer and reviewed by a higher officer. Adverse remarks can affect promotion and are usually communicated to the employee.