Maharashtra Gram Sevak key terms

दोन किंवा अधिक शब्द एकत्र येऊन एकच अर्थ व्यक्त करणाऱ्या शब्दरचनेला समास म्हणतात. मराठी व्याकरणात द्वंद्व, तत्पुरुष, बहुव्रीही असे प्रकार असून स्पर्धा परीक्षेत समास सोडवणे व त्याचा विग्रह करणे विचारले जाते.

समासाने जोडलेले शब्द पुन्हा वेगळे करून पूर्ण वाक्यरचनेत लिहिण्याच्या क्रियेला विग्रह म्हणतात. समासाचा अर्थ स्पष्ट होतो आणि उमेदवाराला समासाचा प्रकार ओळखण्यास मदत होते.

दोन जवळच्या शब्दांच्या किंवा वर्णांच्या सीमेवर ध्वनी बदलून ते जोडले जाण्याच्या प्रक्रियेस संधी म्हणतात. स्वरसंधी, व्यंजनसंधी व विसर्गसंधी हे प्रमुख प्रकार मराठीत आढळतात.

शब्दांचा शब्दशः अर्थ न घेता विशिष्ट लाक्षणिक अर्थ व्यक्त करणारा स्थिर शब्दसमूह. उदाहरणार्थ एखाद्या वाक्प्रचाराचा अर्थ संदर्भाने ठरतो आणि त्याचा वापर भाषेची समृद्धी दाखवतो.

लोकअनुभवातून जन्मलेले, संक्षिप्त व बोधपूर्ण असे स्थिर वाक्य जे एखादे सत्य किंवा उपदेश सांगते. म्हणीचा अर्थ शब्दशः नसतो आणि ती बोलीभाषेतून पिढ्यानपिढ्या चालत आलेली असते.

ज्या दोन शब्दांचे अर्थ एकमेकांच्या विरुद्ध असतात त्यांना विरुद्धार्थी किंवा विरुद्धार्थी शब्द म्हणतात. उदा. उंच-बुटका, सुरुवात-शेवट; भाषा प्रश्नपत्रिकेत हे जोडी जुळवण्याच्या स्वरूपात विचारले जातात.

जवळपास एकच किंवा सारखा अर्थ व्यक्त करणाऱ्या वेगवेगळ्या शब्दांना समानार्थी शब्द म्हणतात. उदा. सूर्य, भास्कर, रवी; शब्दसंपत्ती वाढवण्यासाठी आणि भाषा प्रश्न सोडवण्यासाठी हे उपयुक्त ठरतात.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in 'the boy runs' versus 'the boys run'. English sections test it through singular-plural traps, collective nouns, and phrases inserted between subject and verb.

The determiners 'a', 'an', and 'the' used before nouns. 'A' and 'an' are indefinite and depend on the following sound, while 'the' is definite; questions test omission and correct choice before vowels, silent letters, and unique objects.

Words such as in, on, at, of, and for that link a noun or pronoun to another element and show place, time, or relation. Exams test fixed combinations like 'depend on' and 'comprise' without 'of'.

The grammatical form of a verb that locates an action in past, present, or future, including its continuous and perfect aspects. Questions often mix time markers with the wrong tense to test consistency within a sentence.

The form of a verb showing whether the subject performs the action (active) or receives it (passive). Conversion questions require keeping tense and meaning intact while rearranging subject and object correctly.

The three-tier system of rural local self-government created by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, comprising village, block, and district levels. It assigns elected bodies defined functions and reserves seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women.

The body of all registered voters residing in a village panchayat area. It approves plans, audits accounts, and oversees the panchayat, making it the foundation of direct participation in rural governance under the 73rd Amendment.

The lowest elected tier of rural local government, covering a village or group of villages. Its members are directly elected, and it is responsible for local civic services, sanitation, water supply, and implementation of rural schemes.

The elected head of a Gram Panchayat who presides over its meetings and supervises implementation of its decisions. The Sarpanch signs resolutions, represents the panchayat before higher bodies, and is accountable to the Gram Sabha.

A village-level extension officer of the state rural development department who assists the Gram Panchayat with records, meetings, and scheme implementation. The role links villagers to government programmes and supports local planning and reporting.

The 1992 constitutional amendment that gave Panchayati Raj constitutional status by adding Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule. It mandates elections every five years and reservation for women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes.

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, which guarantees at least 100 days of unskilled wage employment per rural household per year. It is demand-driven and requires work within 15 days of a valid request.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin), a scheme providing financial assistance to rural households to build pucca houses. Beneficiaries are selected from deprivation and housing-poverty criteria, with instalments linked to construction stages.

A participatory review of a scheme's records and works by the community, especially under MGNREGA. Villagers inspect muster rolls and expenditure in a Gram Sabha forum, which promotes transparency and accountability in rural spending.

Government programmes aimed at rural employment, housing, roads, water, and livelihood support, such as MGNREGA, PMAY-G, and the Jal Jeevan Mission. Candidates should know each scheme's objective, beneficiary group, and implementing level.

A crop sown with the onset of the monsoon and harvested in autumn, such as rice, cotton, and soybean. Kharif cultivation depends heavily on rainfall, so sowing dates and monsoon behaviour strongly affect yields.

A crop sown in winter after the monsoon and harvested in spring, such as wheat, gram, and mustard. Rabi crops usually rely on residual soil moisture and irrigation, and they need cool growing weather.

The practice of growing different crops in sequence on the same field across seasons. It helps maintain soil fertility, interrupts pest and disease cycles, and balances nutrient removal, especially when legumes alternate with cereals.

The detachment and removal of topsoil by wind, water, or human activity. It reduces fertility and can be checked by contour bunding, terracing, cover crops, and afforestation, which are common topics in agriculture sections.

A method that delivers water drop by drop near the plant root through pipes and emitters. It saves water, reduces weed growth, and allows fertigation, making it important in drought-prone districts of Maharashtra.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, written with the percent sign. Quantitative questions use it for profit and loss, population change, and data interpretation, and converting between fractions, decimals, and percentages speeds up solving.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal. These concepts underpin partnership, mixture, and scale problems and often appear as direct simplification questions.

The sum of a set of values divided by their number, also called the arithmetic mean. Questions test changes in average when a value is added or removed, and the concept links to speed, age, and score problems.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule, where the candidate identifies the pattern to find a missing or wrong term. Common patterns involve differences, squares, cubes, and alternating operations.

A reasoning topic in which words or numbers are converted into a code by a rule and the candidate must apply or reverse that rule. Rules may involve letter shifts, position values, or letter-to-number mapping.

The Central Processing Unit executes instructions and performs arithmetic and logical operations in a computer. It contains the control unit and arithmetic logic unit, and its speed is measured in gigahertz.

Random Access Memory is the volatile primary memory where programs and data are held while in use. Its contents are lost when power is switched off, and more RAM generally allows more applications to run smoothly.

System software that manages hardware, files, and programs and provides a user interface, such as Windows or Linux. It schedules tasks, allocates memory, and lets application software run on the machine.

A Uniform Resource Locator is the address that identifies a resource on the internet, such as a web page. It specifies the protocol, domain name, and path, and typing it into a browser fetches the page.

The lower house of the Indian Parliament, whose members are directly elected by voters from territorial constituencies. It frames national laws, controls the executive, and its majority leader normally becomes Prime Minister.

The upper house of Parliament, whose members are elected indirectly by state legislative assemblies and by the President for nominated seats. It reviews legislation and represents the states in the federal structure.

The constitutional body that conducts elections to Parliament, state legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President. It registers parties, issues the Model Code of Conduct, and supervises the electoral roll.

A place of outstanding cultural or natural value inscribed on the list maintained by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. India has several such sites, including Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta in Maharashtra.

A set of eight revered Ganesha temples in Maharashtra, each with its own legend and form of the deity. Pilgrims traditionally visit all eight, and the circuit is a common topic in Maharashtra culture questions.

A devotional movement that spread across India from the medieval period, emphasising personal love for God over ritual. In Maharashtra, saints such as Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Eknath, and Tukaram shaped Marathi literature and society.