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The Constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 but it came into force on 26 January 1950, which is why that date is observed as Republic Day across India.
Article 52 establishes the President as the head of state, and Article 54 provides for election by an electoral college of elected MPs and state legislators. The Prime Minister heads the government while the President is the constitutional head.
Article 32 allows a citizen to move the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of fundamental rights, and Ambedkar called this provision the heart and soul of the Constitution because it makes the other rights meaningful.
The Tropic of Cancer crosses eight Indian states, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. Rajasthan lies on this line, whereas Kerala and Odisha lie entirely to the south of it.
The Ganga has the greatest length within India, flowing about 2,525 km from Gangotri to the Bay of Bengal. The Brahmaputra is longer overall but much of its course lies outside India, in Tibet and Bangladesh.
Kharif crops are sown in the monsoon months from June to July and harvested in autumn; paddy, maize, jowar and cotton are typical examples. Wheat, mustard and gram are Rabi crops grown in the winter season.
The RBI began operations in 1935 as a private shareholders' bank and was nationalised on 1 January 1949. The year 1969 is associated with the nationalisation of fourteen major commercial banks.
The Economic Survey is prepared by the Economic Division of the Department of Economic Affairs under the Ministry of Finance, generally led by the Chief Economic Adviser. It reviews the economy's performance and is presented ahead of the general budget.
Article 110 defines a Money Bill, and Article 117 requires that such a bill be introduced only in the Lok Sabha on the recommendation of the President. The Rajya Sabha may only make recommendations, which the Lok Sabha is free to accept or reject.
Mandamus literally means 'we command' and directs a public authority to perform a duty it is legally bound to perform. Habeas corpus concerns unlawful detention, quo warranto questions the holding of a public office, and certiorari quashes an order of a lower tribunal.
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 inserted Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule, giving constitutional status to rural local self-government. The 74th Amendment dealt with urban local bodies.
Bengaluru earned the nickname Silicon Valley of India owing to its dense cluster of software services, start-ups and research institutions. Hyderabad is often called Cyberabad for its IT district, which is a related but distinct label.
Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah at Plassey in 1757, a victory that established Company political power in Bengal. Mir Qasim was a later Nawab, and Shuja-ud-Daulah was the Nawab of Awadh defeated at Buxar in 1764.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale, the moderate leader whom Gandhi regarded as a political guru, founded the Servants of India Society in Pune in 1905. It trained young men for disciplined social and political work.
Gandhi marched from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi and made salt from seawater to defy the British monopoly and tax on salt, launching the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Rowlatt Act and the Simon Commission had provoked earlier agitations.
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form, and the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 makes enforcement of any disability arising from it an offence. Articles 14 and 15 provide general equality and non-discrimination.
The International Court of Justice sits at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, although the UN's political headquarters is in New York. Geneva and Vienna host many other UN agencies and offices.
India's border with Bangladesh, roughly 4,096 km long, is its longest land border with any single country. The borders with China and Pakistan are each around 3,000 km or more but shorter than that with Bangladesh.
A direct tax is levied on income or wealth and its burden cannot be shifted, so income tax is the classic example. GST, customs duty and excise duty are indirect taxes collected on goods and services and passed on to consumers.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana was launched in 2014 to bring unbanked households into the formal banking system with zero-balance accounts, RuPay cards and Aadhaar linkage. MGNREGA guarantees rural wage employment, while Ayushman Bharat and Ujjwala address health and cooking fuel.
Vinoba Bhave, a Gandhian disciple, began the Bhoodan movement in 1951 at Pochampalli in present-day Telangana, walking across India to persuade landlords to donate land. It later grew into the Gramdan movement.
The Tropic of Cancer passes through Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Tripura and Mizoram among others, so all four listed states are actually on the line. This makes the premise of a single odd state incorrect, and the question should be treated as a test of careful verification rather than of a factual exception.
A majority in a 543-member House requires at least 272 members. After ten disqualifications the ruling side would have 270, which is below the halfway mark, so it would lose its majority even though 270 exceeds 263.
Article 32 empowers the Supreme Court to enforce fundamental rights, and Article 226 gives High Courts power to issue writs for fundamental rights as well as other legal rights. A petitioner may therefore approach either forum, though Article 32 itself is a fundamental right.
The south-west monsoon advances from the south, driven by the northward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and the differential heating of land and sea. Its progress is gradual, so Kerala receives it first and north-west India later.
The Tropic of Cancer runs through Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Tripura, among the eight states it crosses. Maharashtra lies wholly to the south of this line, so the Tropic of Cancer does not pass through it. This latitude is often used in Indian geography questions about state boundaries and climate zones.
Rabi crops are sown after the monsoon retreats, around October to December, and harvested in March to April. Wheat is the classic Rabi crop of the northern plains and needs cool growing weather. Rice, bajra and jute are Kharif crops grown with the south-west monsoon rains.
Article 324 vests the superintendence, direction and control of elections to Parliament, state legislatures, the office of President and the office of Vice-President in an Election Commission. Article 280 deals with the Finance Commission, Article 315 with Public Service Commissions, and Article 356 with President's Rule. Knowing these article numbers is a standard requirement in Indian polity questions.
Gujarat has the longest coastline of any Indian state, stretching over roughly 1,600 km along the Arabian Sea, including the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambhat. Its long indented coast supports major ports and the Gulf of Kutch marine sanctuary. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu follow, but their coastlines are considerably shorter.
The Kalinga war was fought around 261 BCE in the region corresponding to present-day Odisha, and the bloodshed is said to have deeply moved Ashoka. His edicts, including the famous Kalinga rock edicts, record his remorse and his turn towards dhamma. This event is central to Mauryan history in general knowledge questions.
The Human Development Index is published by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual Human Development Report. It combines life expectancy, education and per capita income into a single measure. The World Bank, IMF and WTO publish other economic reports but do not produce the HDI.
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 inserted Part IVA into the Constitution, listing ten Fundamental Duties of citizens under Article 51A. A later amendment added the duty of parents to send children to school. The Swaran Singh Committee had recommended these duties, and they are non-justiciable moral obligations.
The Third Schedule of the Constitution prescribes the forms of oath or affirmation for Union and state ministers, judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, the Comptroller and Auditor General and other specified officers. The Second Schedule deals with salaries and allowances, the Fifth with scheduled areas, and the Seventh with the division of powers. These schedules are frequently tested in constitutional general knowledge.
The Gulf Stream is a warm current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the eastern seaboard of North America and continues towards north-western Europe as the North Atlantic Drift. It helps keep ports of north-western Europe ice-free in winter. The other currents named are cold currents.
The Rowlatt Act allowed the colonial government to arrest and detain political suspects without trial for up to two years, which provoked nationwide protests led by Gandhi. The protests, especially in Punjab, culminated in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Separate electorates had been introduced earlier by the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909.
The liver is the largest gland and the largest internal organ in the human body. It produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to help emulsify fats. It also performs many metabolic functions, including detoxification and storage of glycogen.
Zero Hour is the Indian parliamentary innovation that begins immediately after Question Hour, when members may raise matters of urgent public importance without prior notice. It is not mentioned in the rules of procedure and derives its name from the practice of raising issues at the zero mark of the clock. It is distinct from Question Hour and from debates on the President's Address.
The UN Security Council has five permanent members: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Each holds veto power over substantive resolutions. Germany, Japan and India are not permanent members, though all have sought reform and permanent seats.
The Narmada rises from the Amarkantak plateau in Madhya Pradesh and is one of the few major rivers of peninsular India that flows westwards. Near Jabalpur it cuts through marble rocks and forms the Dhuandhar falls. It enters the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat, not through the Rann of Kutch.
The majority mark for a 200-member Assembly is 101, being more than half of the total strength. The ruling party and its ally together hold 120 seats, which already exceeds 101, so technically no independents are needed for a simple majority. However, the question's framing of crossing 101 with the given numbers shows that the coalition already holds a majority; if the intention is to test arithmetic, 90 plus 30 equals 120, exceeding the mark. The correct reading is that the coalition already has a majority, so the minimum additional support required is zero; among the options, the only figure consistent with a coalition already above the mark is 1, which is the smallest listed. This question is flagged because the arithmetic makes the intended key ambiguous.
The mole is the SI base unit for the amount of substance and contains Avogadro's number of particles. Kelvin measures thermodynamic temperature, candela measures luminous intensity, and newton measures force.
The liver secretes bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to emulsify fats. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes, but not bile.
Uniform velocity means the speed and direction stay constant, so the rate of change of velocity is zero. Hence acceleration is zero, and the body is not in free fall.
Nitrogen makes up roughly 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume, while oxygen is about 21 percent. Carbon dioxide and argon are present only in small amounts.
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction, and displacement satisfies both conditions. Mass, temperature and time are scalars with magnitude only.
At 25 degrees Celsius pure water has equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, giving a pH of exactly 7. Values below 7 indicate acidity and above 7 indicate alkalinity.
Ultraviolet light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin into vitamin D3, which is then activated in the liver and kidneys. The other vitamins must be obtained mainly from the diet.
The large central vacuole fills with water and pushes outward on the cell wall, creating turgor pressure that keeps the cell firm. Chloroplasts, ribosomes and nucleoli serve other functions.
Average speed equals total distance divided by total time, so 150 m divided by 10 s gives 15 m/s. The other values result from misplacing the decimal or using the wrong operation.
Newton's second law gives force as mass times acceleration, so 4 kg multiplied by 3 m/s squared equals 12 N. Adding the values or dividing them gives the wrong results.