MP TET Varg 3 cheat sheet

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0–2, object permanence), preoperational (2–7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7–11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Vygotsky: ZPD is the gap between independent performance and assisted performance; scaffolding is temporary, fading support; social speech → private speech → inner speech.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethics).

Erikson's school-relevant crises: industry vs inferiority (6–12); success in tasks builds competence, repeated failure builds inferiority.

Learning theories: behaviourism (Pavlov, Skinner - stimulus-response, reinforcement), cognitivism (Bruner - discovery; Ausubel - meaningful reception), constructivism (knowledge built from prior experience), social learning (Bandura - observation, modelling, self-efficacy).

Inclusive education: CWSN means children with special needs; RTE Act 2009 mandates free and compulsory education 6–14, no detention/expulsion, no board exam till elementary completion, and admission of children with disabilities in mainstream schools.

Assessment: formative = during teaching, diagnostic feedback (assessment for learning); summative = end of unit/term judgement (assessment of learning); CCE de-emphasises rote memorisation and single high-stakes exams.

Motivation: intrinsic (interest, curiosity) vs extrinsic (rewards, praise); Maslow's hierarchy moves from physiological needs to safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualisation.

Individual differences: intelligence is multidimensional (Gardner's multiple intelligences - linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic); IQ = (mental age / chronological age) × 100.

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वर मिलकर तीसरा रूप - विद्या+आलय=विद्यालय), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि।

समास: तत्पुरुष (अंतिम पद प्रधान), द्वंद्व (दोनों पद प्रधान - माता-पिता), बहुव्रीहि (अन्य पद प्रधान), कर्मधारय (विशेषण-विशेष्य), द्विगु (संख्यावाची पूर्वपद), अव्ययीभाव (पूर्वपद अव्यय)।

वाक्य के अंग: उद्देश्य और विधेय; वाक्य भेद - सरल, संयुक्त, मिश्र; शब्द शक्ति - अभिधा, लक्षणा, व्यंजना।

रस के नौ भेद: श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत; श्रृंगार के दो भेद - संयोग और वियोग।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण आवृत्ति), उपमा (जैसा/सा), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), उत्प्रेक्षा (मानो/जनु), यमक (शब्द आवृत्ति, भिन्न अर्थ), श्लेष (एक शब्द अनेक अर्थ)।

काल: वर्तमान, भूतकाल के छह भेद (सामान्य, पूर्ण, अपूर्ण, संदिग्ध, हेतुहेतुमद्, आकस्मिक), भविष्यत्।

भाषा शिक्षण विधियाँ: प्रत्यक्ष विधि, व्याकरण-अनुवाद विधि, संप्रेषणीय विधि, पाठ्यपुस्तक विधि; भाषा कौशल क्रम - श्रवण, वाचन, पठन, लेखन।

मूल्यांकन: निदानात्मक परीक्षण त्रुटियों का कारण खोजता है; उपचारात्मक शिक्षण उस कमी को दूर करता है; सतत व्यापक मूल्यांकन में गृहकार्य, प्रश्नोत्तर, परियोजना शामिल।

मुहावरे और लोकोक्तियाँ अर्थ सहित प्रयोग में आते हैं; संज्ञा के भेद - व्यक्तिवाचक, जातिवाचक, भाववाचक; सर्वनाम के आठ भेद।

Phonetics: 44 phonemes in English (24 consonants, 20 vowels); a phoneme is a distinctive sound unit, an allophone is a positional variant; diphthongs are gliding vowels.

Grammar: 8 parts of speech; finite verb carries tense and agrees with subject; non-finite forms are infinitive, gerund, participle; active ↔ passive changes object to subject and uses be + past participle.

Tense rules: present perfect = has/have + past participle (past action with present relevance); past perfect = had + past participle (earlier of two past actions); future continuous = will be + -ing.

Conditionals: zero (present simple both clauses), first (if + present simple, will + base), second (if + past simple, would + base), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle).

Direct to indirect speech: change pronouns to reflect speaker/listener, shift tense back one step when reporting verb is past, change time/place words (now→then, here→there, today→that day).

Reading pedagogy: skimming for gist, scanning for specific information, intensive reading for detail, extensive reading for fluency; top-down uses prior knowledge, bottom-up decodes text.

Teaching approaches: Grammar-Translation (rule and translation focus), Direct Method (target language only, no translation), Communicative Language Teaching (function and interaction over form), Task-Based Learning (meaningful task drives language).

Assessment terms: reliability = consistency of scores; validity = measures what it claims; diagnostic test locates weaknesses; achievement test measures syllabus mastery; cloze test deletes words at intervals to test context use.

Vocabulary and usage: synonym (same meaning), antonym (opposite), homophone (same sound, different spelling/meaning - their/there), homograph (same spelling, different meaning/pronunciation - lead).

Place value: each place is ten times the next; expanded form 4,507 = 4×1000 + 5×100 + 0×10 + 7×1; Indian system periods are ones, thousands, lakhs, crores.

Four operations: division algorithm dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder; a number divisible by 3 if digit sum is divisible by 3, by 9 if digit sum divisible by 9, by 4 if last two digits form a multiple of 4.

Fractions: equivalent fractions by multiplying numerator and denominator by the same non-zero number; a/b + c/d = (ad + bc)/bd; dividing by a fraction equals multiplying by its reciprocal.

Decimals: 0.25 = 25/100 = 1/4; converting fraction to decimal by dividing numerator by denominator; multiplying by 10, 100, 1000 shifts the decimal point right by 1, 2, 3 places.

Geometry: perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b), square = 4s; area of rectangle = l × b, square = s², triangle = ½ × base × height; 1 m² = 10,000 cm².

Measurement: 1 km = 1000 m, 1 m = 100 cm, 1 kg = 1000 g, 1 litre = 1000 mL; time 1 hour = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds.

Average = sum of observations ÷ number of observations; unitary method finds the value of one unit first, then multiplies for the required number of units.

Pedagogy: concrete → pictorial → abstract sequence; use manipulatives (Dienes blocks, fraction strips, geoboard) before symbols; NCF 2005 stresses mathematisation of the child's thought rather than rote computation.

Five senses and their organs: eye (sight), ear (hearing), nose (smell), tongue (taste), skin (touch); sense of taste has sweet, sour, salty, bitter (and umami) receptors.

Plants: root absorbs water and minerals and anchors the plant; stem transports and supports; leaf makes food by photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide; stomata allow gas exchange.

Animals: herbivore (plant eater), carnivore (flesh eater), omnivore (both); animals are grouped by habitat (terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal, amphibian) and by body covering.

Human body: digestive system breaks food into simpler substances; balanced diet needs carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, roughage and water; deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness, of vitamin C scurvy, of iron anaemia.

Water: three states - solid, liquid, gas; evaporation and condensation drive the water cycle; boiling point 100 °C at sea level; water is a universal solvent.

Air: mixture of gases, roughly 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen; oxygen supports burning; air occupies space and has weight; moving air is wind.

Safety and first aid: for burns cool with running water; for a cut press clean cloth to stop bleeding; never touch a live wire; ORS treats dehydration in diarrhoea.

Pedagogy: EVS integrates science, social science and environment; use observation walks, local surveys, stories, and the child's immediate surroundings (family, school, neighbourhood) as the starting point; NCF 2005 theme-based approach.

MP state education department runs school education through the Rajya Shiksha Kendra (RSK) and the State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), Bhopal; SCERT prepares the state curriculum framework and textbooks.

The MP State Curriculum Framework (based on NCF 2005) is titled 'राज्य पाठ्यक्रम की रूपरेखा' and emphasises activity-based, child-centred learning and continuous and comprehensive evaluation.

Schemes: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is now subsumed under Samagra Shiksha; Mid-Day Meal (PM POSHAN) provides hot cooked meals; RTE Act 2009 entitles free education, textbooks, uniforms and no-detention at elementary level.

MP-specific initiatives include the 'Padhenge Badhenge' style enrolment drives, 'Hamara Ghar Hamara Vidyalaya' style community schooling during closures, and the CM Rise Schools for model schools.

Gyanodaya and e-content portals support digital learning; DIKSHA (national platform) hosts QR-coded textbook content used in MP schools.

Tribal education is supported through ashram shalas and Eklavya Model Residential Schools; MP has a large tribal population, so culturally responsive teaching is emphasised.

Teacher recruitment and eligibility: MP TET (Varg 3) is required for primary teacher (Classes I–V) eligibility, in line with NCTE norms; passing TET is a precondition, not a guarantee of posting.

Bal Sansad (child cabinet) and School Management Committees (SMC) under RTE give children and parents roles in school governance; SMC has a majority of parents.

Classical conditioning (Pavlov): neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus; extinction weakens the response.

Operant conditioning (Skinner): reinforcement increases behaviour, punishment decreases it; positive adds a stimulus, negative removes one.

Transfer of learning: positive transfer helps a new task, negative transfer interferes; near transfer is within similar contexts, far transfer across distant ones.

Constructivism: learner actively builds meaning; prior knowledge is the foundation; cognitive conflict promotes conceptual change.

Memory: sensory register → short-term/working memory (about 7 ± 2 items) → long-term memory; rehearsal and chunking aid retention.

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं: अनु (पीछे/समान), अभि (ओर), निर् (बिना), प्र (आगे), वि (विशेष/विपरीत)।

प्रत्यय: कृत् प्रत्यय क्रिया से (पढ़+आई=पढ़ाई), तद्धित प्रत्यय संज्ञा/विशेषण से नए शब्द बनाते हैं।

वर्ण विचार: स्वर 11, व्यंजन 33; स्वर के भेद - ह्रस्व/दीर्घ, प्लुत; अनुनासिक और निरनुनासिक।

वाच्य: कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, भाववाच्य; कर्मवाच्य में क्रिया कर्म के अनुसार बदलती है।

शब्द भंडार: तत्सम (संस्कृत से), तद्भव (परिवर्तित), देशज (स्थानीय), विदेशी (आगत) शब्द।

L1 is the mother tongue, L2 the second language; interference from L1 causes errors, while developmental errors show rule overgeneralisation.

Error vs mistake: an error reflects lack of competence, a mistake is a performance slip the learner can self-correct.

Approaches: Suggestopedia (relaxed environment), Silent Way (teacher minimal speech), Total Physical Response (commands with movement), CLT (real communication).

Skills: listening and reading are receptive; speaking and writing are productive; sub-skills include prediction, inference, and cohesion.

Assessment tools: portfolio (collection over time), rubric (scoring criteria), dictation and cloze (integrated skills), oral interview (speaking).

Diagnostic teaching: identify the specific error (e.g., adding numerators and denominators in fractions) and reteach the concept, not just the procedure.

Number sense: subitising (recognising small quantities without counting), counting principles (one-to-one, stable order, cardinality).

Word problems: use the Polya cycle - understand, plan, carry out, look back.

Estimation and approximation build reasoning; rounding to nearest ten/hundred is a prerequisite for mental maths.

Assessment: open-ended tasks and error analysis reveal understanding better than only right/wrong answers.

Food chains: producer (green plant) → primary consumer (herbivore) → secondary consumer (carnivore); decomposers break down dead matter.

Living things show growth, respiration, reproduction, response to stimuli, and excretion; non-living things do not.

Water conservation methods: rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, closing taps, reusing water.

Pollution types: air (smoke, dust), water (sewage, chemicals), noise (loud sound), soil (plastic, pesticides).

EVS assessment should use observation, projects, and oral questioning, not only written tests, because it is an integrated subject.

MP was formed on 1 November 1956; capital Bhopal; it is a state in central India with a large rural and tribal population.

The state follows the 10+2 school structure; elementary stage is Classes I–VIII (primary I–V, upper primary VI–VIII).

RTE norms: pupil-teacher ratio for primary is 30:1, upper primary 35:1; schools need a working day of at least 200 days for primary.

The MP TET Varg 3 is for primary level (Classes I–V); Varg 2 is upper primary; Varg 1 is secondary.

Community participation: SMC constituted under RTE; 75% members are parents/guardians, 50% women.

Inclusive education places CWSN in regular classrooms with support; segregation and exclusion are the alternatives.

Reasonable accommodation includes ramps, Braille and large print, sign language interpreters, extra time, and assistive devices.

Assessment for learning uses feedback to close the gap; assessment of learning judges achievement; assessment as learning makes the student self-monitor.

Portfolio, observation schedule, rating scale, and anecdotal record are tools for continuous assessment.

Gifted children need enrichment and open-ended tasks; slow learners need small steps, repetition, and concrete examples.

भाषा शिक्षण का उद्देश्य: श्रवण, वाचन, पठन, लेखन कौशल का विकास और साहित्यिक रुचि जागृत करना।

पठन कौशल के प्रकार: सस्वर पठन (उच्चारण शुद्धता) और मौन पठन (अर्थग्रहण और गति)।

व्याकरण शिक्षण आगमन विधि (उदाहरण से नियम) या निगमन विधि (नियम से उदाहरण) से हो सकता है; आगमन बालकेंद्रित है।

त्रुटि विश्लेषण से पता चलता है कि बच्चा मातृभाषा के प्रभाव से या नियम के अति-सामान्यीकरण से गलती कर रहा है।

भाषा प्रयोगशाला, कहानी कथन, भूमिका निर्वाह और चर्चा संप्रेषण क्षमता बढ़ाते हैं।

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; collective nouns may take singular or plural depending on unity.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sound, 'an' before vowel sound (an hour, a university); 'the' for specific or unique reference.

Prepositions of time: in (months, years), on (days, dates), at (exact time); of place: in (enclosed), on (surface), at (point).

Punctuation: comma for listing and pauses, semicolon between independent clauses, apostrophe for possession and contraction.

Comprehension strategy: read questions first, locate key words, infer meaning from context, and reject options that are true but not stated.

LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers; HCF divides both numbers exactly.

Percentage: part = (percent/100) × whole; simple interest = (P × R × T)/100.

Speed = distance/time; average speed = total distance ÷ total time.

Area of a circle = πr², circumference = 2πr; volume of a cuboid = l × b × h.

Time and money problems: convert units first (rupees to paise, hours to minutes) to avoid mixed-unit errors.

Family types: nuclear (parents and children) and joint (extended relatives); roles and interdependence within the family.

Communicable diseases spread through air, water, food, or vectors (mosquitoes for malaria and dengue); non-communicable diseases do not spread.

First aid: for snake bite keep the person calm and still, do not cut or suck the wound, seek medical help.

Waste management: reduce, reuse, recycle; biodegradable waste (peels, paper) decomposes, non-biodegradable (plastic, glass) does not.

Local livelihoods and occupations (farming, pottery, weaving) are a core EVS theme connecting school to community.

NCF 2005 principles adopted in MP: connecting knowledge to life outside school, shifting from rote to understanding, enriching curriculum beyond textbooks.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation in MP covers scholastic (subjects) and co-scholastic (life skills, attitudes, values, participation) areas.

Digital initiatives: DIKSHA, PM e-Vidya, and state e-content support blended learning; QR codes in textbooks link to audio-visual content.

Girls' education schemes include free bicycles and Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBV) for upper primary girls in underserved areas.

School health: regular health check-ups and deworming drives are part of state school health programmes.