NVS PGT cheat sheet

Pedagogy-linked subject facts: Bloom's revised taxonomy orders objectives as Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create - the top two are higher-order thinking skills.

Constructivism (Piaget, Vygotsky) holds that learners build knowledge from prior experience; Vygotsky's ZPD is the gap between independent and assisted performance.

Assessment vocabulary: formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic; summative assessment judges achievement at the end of a unit; norm-referenced compares students, criterion-referenced compares to a standard.

Lesson-plan components in sequence: learning objectives, prior knowledge check, introduction, presentation, practice, assessment, closure, homework.

Inquiry/5E model sequence: Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluate - each phase has a distinct teacher and learner role.

Subject-specific terminology must be used precisely: e.g., in science, hypothesis vs theory vs law; in mathematics, theorem vs axiom vs conjecture; in language, phoneme vs morpheme.

Differentiation strategies: tiered tasks, flexible grouping, scaffolding, multiple representations, and extension tasks for gifted learners.

Error analysis is a teaching tool: classifying a learner's mistake as conceptual, procedural, or careless determines the remediation chosen.

Constitutional facts: the Indian Constitution was adopted 26 November 1949 and came into force 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights sit in Part III (Articles 12–35); Directive Principles in Part IV (Articles 36–51); Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on Swaran Singh Committee advice.

Indian polity offices: President is elected indirectly by an electoral college; the Vice-President is ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha; the Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha.

Geography anchors: Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states; the Deccan Plateau lies between the Western and Eastern Ghats; the Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest.

Static science facts: SI unit of force is the newton, of pressure the pascal, of power the watt; speed of light in vacuum ≈ 3 × 10^8 m/s.

Current-affairs strategy: track appointments, awards, schemes, sports championships, summits, and index rankings for the 12 months preceding the exam date.

International organisations: UN founded 1945 (HQ New York); UNESCO (Paris) handles education; WHO (Geneva) handles health; WTO (Geneva) handles trade.

Indian economy basics: RBI controls monetary policy; SEBI regulates securities markets; GST Council is chaired by the Union Finance Minister.

Number-series rule: check differences first, then ratios, then alternating or square/cube patterns; e.g., +3, +6, +12, +24 doubles the increment.

Coding-decoding: convert letters to positions (A=1 … Z=26); reverse alphabet value = 27 − position.

Blood relations: draw a family tree, mark gender with symbols, and never assume gender from a name or role.

Direction sense: on turning right from North you face East; a full clockwise rotation is 360°, so three right turns equal one left turn.

Syllogism: use Venn diagrams; a conclusion follows only if true in every possible diagram consistent with the premises.

Seating arrangement: fix the reference person first, then place others using left/right relative to facing direction (reverse left/right when facing South).

Analogy and classification: identify the relation type - part-whole, cause-effect, worker-tool, synonym, antonym, or degree - before choosing the option.

Series completion with letters: find the gap pattern; a constant gap of 2 gives A, C, E, G, while alternating gaps give patterns like +1, +2, +1.

Percentage change: increase then decrease of the same x% gives a net change of −x²/100 percent; successive changes multiply as (1 ± a)(1 ± b).

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; discount is always calculated on marked price, profit on cost price.

Simple interest SI = PRT/100; compound interest CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P; for two years the CI − SI difference equals P(R/100)².

Time-speed-distance: distance = speed × time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18, and m/s to km/h by 18/5.

Trains and boats: relative speed adds when moving opposite and subtracts when moving in the same direction; downstream speed = boat + stream.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; if every value is increased by k, the average increases by k.

Mensuration: area of circle πr², circumference 2πr; volume of cylinder πr²h, of sphere (4/3)πr³, of cone (1/3)πr²h.

Ratio and mixture: in an alligation, the ratio of quantities = (mean − cheaper) : (dearer − mean).

Permutation and combination: nPr = n!/(n−r)!; nCr = n!/[r!(n−r)!]; nC0 = nCn = 1.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; with 'either … or' or 'neither … nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' is used for unique or already-specified nouns.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to present; past perfect marks the earlier of two past actions.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, and the agent follows 'by'; tense must be preserved.

Direct to indirect speech: change pronouns to the reporter's perspective, shift tense one step back, and adjust time/place words.

Common error traps: 'one of the' takes a plural noun with a singular verb; 'each of' is singular; 'discuss' and 'reach' take no preposition.

Comprehension method: read the questions first, locate the relevant paragraph, and reject options that are true in general but not stated in the passage.

Vocabulary in context: use surrounding clauses to infer meaning; synonym and antonym questions reward the closest sense, not the literal one.

Idioms are non-compositional: 'to let the cat out of the bag' means to reveal a secret, not to release an animal.

संधि: स्वर संधि में दो स्वर मिलते हैं (विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय); व्यंजन संधि में व्यंजन का परिवर्तन होता है; विसर्ग संधि में विसर्ग बदलता है।

समास के भेद: तत्पुरुष में उत्तर पद प्रधान, द्वंद्व में दोनों पद प्रधान, बहुव्रीहि में कोई भी पद प्रधान नहीं, अव्ययीभाव में पूर्व पद अव्यय होता है।

उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़ता है, प्रत्यय अंत में; प्रत्यय दो प्रकार के होते हैं - कृत् (क्रिया से) और तद्धित (संज्ञा/विशेषण से)।

कारक के आठ भेद हैं; कर्ता में ने, कर्म में को, करण में से/के द्वारा, संप्रदान में के लिए, अपादान में से, अधिकरण में में/पर चिह्न आते हैं।

वाच्य: कर्तृवाच्य में कर्ता प्रधान, कर्मवाच्य में कर्म प्रधान, भाववाच्य में अकर्मक क्रिया का प्रयोग होता है।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास में वर्णों की आवृत्ति, उपमा में 'सा/सी/जैसा' वाचक शब्द, रूपक में अभेद आरोप, उत्प्रेक्षा में 'मानो/जनु' आते हैं।

रस के नौ भेद हैं; श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत और शांत रस - शांत रस का स्थायी भाव शम है।

मुहावरे का अर्थ शब्दों के शाब्दिक अर्थ से भिन्न होता है; लोकोक्ति पूर्ण वाक्य होती है और मुहावरा वाक्यांश।

वर्तनी शुद्धि: 'अनुस्वार' और 'अनुनासिक' का प्रयोग, श, ष, स का भेद तथा 'क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ' संयुक्त व्यंजन की जानकारी प्रश्नों में पूछी जाती है।

Hardware: CPU has ALU and control unit; RAM is volatile primary memory; ROM is non-volatile; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB.

Software classes: system software (OS, drivers) manages hardware; application software (word processor, spreadsheet) serves user tasks; utility software maintains the system.

MS Word shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+F find.

MS Excel: a formula begins with '='; A1 reference is relative, $A$1 absolute; SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, IF are common functions.

Internet basics: HTTP/HTTPS for web, FTP for file transfer, SMTP for sending mail, POP3/IMAP for receiving; URL has protocol, domain, and path.

Networking: LAN spans a small area, WAN a large one; IP address identifies a device, DNS maps domain names to IP addresses.

Teaching aptitude: learner-centred methods (discussion, project, discovery) build higher-order skills; teacher-centred methods (lecture, demonstration) suit factual introduction.

Motivation theory: Maslow's hierarchy runs physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualisation; intrinsic motivation arises from interest, extrinsic from rewards.

Evaluation terms: measurement assigns a number, assessment gathers evidence, evaluation judges value against objectives; reliability means consistency, validity means measuring what is intended.