NVS PGT flashcards
NVS PGT · Build recall with a focused review session.
31 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
- The gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable peer or teacher; instruction is most effective inside this zone.
- Formative versus summative assessment
- Formative assessment is continuous, diagnostic and used to adjust teaching while learning is happening; summative assessment occurs at the end of a unit and judges final achievement against standards.
- Bloom's revised taxonomy order
- Six cognitive levels from lower to higher: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create. Objectives written at the top three levels demand higher-order thinking.
- Criterion-referenced versus norm-referenced
- Criterion-referenced tests compare a learner's performance to a fixed standard or learning objective; norm-referenced tests compare learners to each other in a group.
- 5E instructional model phases
- Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluate. The sequence moves learners from curiosity and hands-on exploration to formal explanation and finally to assessment of understanding.
- Constitution adoption and enforcement dates
- The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, the date now celebrated as Republic Day.
- Fundamental Rights location
- Fundamental Rights are contained in Part III of the Indian Constitution, Articles 12 to 35, and are enforceable through writs issued by the Supreme Court and High Courts.
- 42nd Amendment contributions
- The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added Fundamental Duties to Part IVA on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee and added Socialist and Secular to the Preamble.
- Ex-officio Rajya Sabha Chairman
- The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and presides over its sittings, while the Deputy Chairman is elected by the House itself.
- Tropic of Cancer in India
- The Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states, including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.
- Reverse alphabet position rule
- In coding-decoding, the reverse value of a letter equals 27 minus its forward position. So A is 26, B is 25, and Z is 1.
- Syllogism validity test
- A conclusion is valid only if it is true in every possible Venn diagram consistent with the given premises; a diagram that makes it false disproves it.
- Right turn from North
- A person facing North who turns right now faces East; a second right turn gives South, a third gives West, and a fourth returns to North.
- Blood relation tree method
- Draw each generation on a separate level, connect parents to children with vertical lines, mark spouse links horizontally, and label gender explicitly before answering.
- Successive percentage change formula
- Two successive changes of a percent and b percent produce a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent, where signs indicate increase or decrease.
- Compound interest minus simple interest
- For two years, the difference between compound interest and simple interest on the same principal equals P times (R/100) squared, where P is principal and R the annual rate.
- Speed unit conversion factors
- To change kilometres per hour into metres per second, multiply by 5/18; to change metres per second into kilometres per hour, multiply by 18/5.
- Alligation ratio rule
- When two ingredients of prices cheaper and dearer are mixed to give a mean price, the ratio of their quantities is (mean minus cheaper) to (dearer minus mean).
- Boat and stream speeds
- Downstream speed equals boat speed in still water plus stream speed; upstream speed equals boat speed minus stream speed. Their average gives the still-water speed.
- Either-or subject verb agreement
- With either ... or and neither ... nor, the verb agrees with the subject nearer to it, so 'Neither the teacher nor the students were present' is correct.
- Present perfect tense use
- Formed with has or have plus the past participle, it describes an action completed at an unspecified time or continuing to affect the present moment.
- Active to passive conversion
- Make the object the new subject, change the verb to a form of be plus past participle, keep the original tense, and add the agent after by.
- Comprehension option elimination
- Reject choices that are generally true but not supported by the passage, and prefer answers that restate the passage's own wording or clear implication.
- स्वर संधि की परिभाषा
- जब दो स्वर आपस में मिलकर एक नया स्वर या स्वरसमूह बनाते हैं तो उसे स्वर संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय।
- बहुव्रीहि समास की पहचान
- जिस समास में कोई भी पद प्रधान न होकर दोनों मिलकर किसी तीसरे अर्थ का बोध कराएँ, वह बहुव्रीहि समास है, जैसे दशानन।
- कर्मवाच्य का प्रयोग
- जिस वाक्य में कर्म प्रधान हो और क्रिया कर्म के अनुसार चले, उसे कर्मवाच्य कहते हैं, जैसे राम के द्वारा पत्र लिखा गया।
- अनुप्रास अलंकार
- जब एक ही वर्ण की आवृत्ति एक से अधिक बार होती है और उससे ध्वनि-सौंदर्य उत्पन्न होता है, तो उसे अनुप्रास अलंकार कहते हैं।
- शांत रस का स्थायी भाव
- शांत रस का स्थायी भाव शम है और इसका आलंबन निर्वाण या परमात्मा तथा संसार की नश्वरता का ज्ञान माना जाता है।
- RAM versus ROM
- RAM is volatile primary memory that loses its contents when power is switched off; ROM is non-volatile and retains firmware instructions permanently.
- DNS function
- The Domain Name System translates human-readable domain names such as example.com into numeric IP addresses that computers use to route data.
- Reliability and validity
- Reliability is the consistency of a test in producing stable results across repetitions; validity is the degree to which it measures what it is intended to measure.