OSSTET cheat sheet

Elements of art: line, shape/form, space, colour, texture, value - value means relative lightness or darkness, not monetary worth.

Colour theory: primary pigments are red, yellow, blue; secondary colours are mixed from two primaries (orange, green, violet); complementary pairs sit opposite on the colour wheel.

Principles of design: balance, rhythm, proportion, emphasis, unity, contrast, movement - balance may be symmetrical, asymmetrical or radial.

Indian art chronology: Indus seals and dancing-girl bronze; Ajanta Buddhist murals (2nd c. BCE–5th c. CE); Ellora rock-cut caves; Mughal miniature painting under Akbar and Jahangir.

Folk traditions: Madhubani (Bihar, line and double outline, no shading), Warli (Maharashtra, white on mud base), Pattachitra (Odisha, cloth-based scroll), Kalamkari (Andhra Pradesh, pen and block work).

Rasa theory (Natyashastra of Bharata): eight/nine rasas - shringara, hasya, karuna, raudra, veera, bhayanaka, bibhatsa, adbhuta, plus shanta.

Bengal School and modern Indian art: Abanindranath Tagore's wash technique; Rabindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose, Jamini Roy (folk-derived), Amrita Sher-Gil (post-impressionist portraiture).

Drawing conventions: perspective uses vanishing points on a horizon line; one-point perspective has a single vanishing point; foreshortening compresses forms receding from the viewer.

Mole concept: 1 mole = 6.022×10^23 particles; molarity = moles of solute per litre of solution; molality = moles of solute per kg of solvent.

Ideal gas equation PV = nRT with R = 8.314 J mol^-1 K^-1; at STP one mole of ideal gas occupies 22.4 L.

pH = -log[H+]; strong acid/strong base neutralisation at equivalence gives pH 7; buffer pH follows Henderson–Hasselbalch, pH = pKa + log([salt]/[acid]).

Photosynthesis: light reactions in thylakoid membranes yield ATP and NADPH and split water (oxygen source); Calvin cycle in stroma fixes CO2 via RuBisCO.

Plant hormones: auxin (apical dominance, phototropism), gibberellin (stem elongation, seed germination), cytokinin (cell division), abscisic acid (stomatal closure, dormancy), ethylene (ripening).

Taxonomy hierarchy: Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species; binomial nomenclature gives genus capitalised and species lower case, both italicised.

Human circulation: double circulation with pulmonary and systemic circuits; SA node is the natural pacemaker; normal resting heart rate 60–100 beats per minute.

Genetics: Mendel's law of segregation and independent assortment; a monohybrid F2 phenotypic ratio is 3:1, a dihybrid F2 is 9:3:3:1.

हिंदी वर्णमाला में 11 स्वर और 33 व्यंजन हैं; 'अ' से 'औ' तक स्वर, 'क' से 'ह' तक व्यंजन, तथा 'क्ष', 'त्र', 'ज्ञ' संयुक्त व्यंजन संस्कृत से आए हैं।

वर्णों का उच्चारण-स्थान: कंठ्य (क, ख, ग, घ), तालव्य (च, छ, ज, झ), मूर्धन्य (ट, ठ, ड, ढ), दंत्य (त, थ, द, ध), ओष्ठ्य (प, फ, ब, भ)।

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वरों का मेल), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि; जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि)।

समास के भेद: तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, अव्ययीभाव - जैसे 'चौराहा' द्विगु तथा 'दशानन' बहुव्रीहि है।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण की आवृत्ति), उपमा (समानता), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), उत्प्रेक्षा (मानो/जनु), यमक (शब्द की आवृत्ति, अर्थ भिन्न)।

रस के नौ भेद और स्थायी भाव: शृंगार-रति, हास्य-हास, करुण-शोक, रौद्र-क्रोध, वीर-उत्साह, भयानक-भय, वीभत्स-जुगुप्सा, अद्भुत-विस्मय, शांत-निर्वेद।

काल: वर्तमान, भूत, भविष्य; क्रिया के प्रकार - सकर्मक (कर्म की आवश्यकता) और अकर्मक; वाच्य - कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, भाववाच्य।

हिंदी साहित्य काल: आदिकाल (वीरगाथा काल), भक्तिकाल (ज्ञानाश्रयी-निर्गुण तथा प्रेममार्गी-सगुण), रीतिकाल, आधुनिक काल (भारतेंदु युग से)।

Kinematics: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as - valid only for uniform acceleration.

Newton's laws: F = ma; action and reaction are equal, opposite and act on different bodies, so they never cancel on one body.

Work-energy theorem: net work equals change in kinetic energy; a conservative force has a potential energy function with F = -dU/dx.

Ohm's law V = IR; resistors in series add, in parallel reciprocals add; power dissipated P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

Optics: mirror formula 1/f = 1/v + 1/u with sign convention; Snell's law n₁sin θ₁ = n₂sin θ₂; lens power in dioptres P = 1/f (metres).

Chemical equilibrium constant K depends on temperature only; Le Chatelier's principle predicts shift of equilibrium on changing concentration, pressure or temperature.

Differentiation basics: d/dx(x^n) = nx^(n-1), d/dx(sin x) = cos x, d/dx(e^x) = e^x, d/dx(ln x) = 1/x; product and quotient rules apply to combined functions.

Integration: ∫x^n dx = x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C for n ≠ -1; definite integral equals area under curve between limits; ∫dx/x = ln|x| + C.

Probability: P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B); for independent events P(A∩B) = P(A)P(B); binomial mean = np, variance = npq.

स्वराः अच् - अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ; ह्रस्व-दीर्घ भेदः तथा प्लुतस्वरः (३ मात्रा) वैदिके प्रयुज्यते।

व्यञ्जनानि स्पर्शाः (कवर्गात् पवर्गपर्यन्तम्), अन्तःस्थाः (य, र, ल, व), ऊष्माणः (श, ष, स, ह); प्रत्येकवर्गे पञ्च वर्णाः - अल्पप्राण, महाप्राण, अनुनासिक, घोष, अघोष।

सन्धिः: दीर्घ (अ/आ + अ/आ = आ), गुण (अ + इ = ए), वृद्धि (अ + ए = ऐ), यण् (इ + अ = य्), विसर्गसन्धिः च; यथा देव + आलयः = देवालयः।

सुबन्तप्रत्ययाः अष्टौ विभक्तयः, तिस्रः वचनानि; पुल्लिङ्ग 'राम' शब्दः प्रथमा रामः/रामौ/रामाः, द्वितीया रामम्/रामौ/रामान्।

तिङन्तप्रत्ययाः लट् (वर्तमान), लृट् (भविष्य), लङ् (अनद्यतनभूत), लिट् (परोक्षभूत), विधिलिङ् (आज्ञार्थ); परस्मैपद-आत्मनेपद भेदौ।

कारकाणि षट् - कर्ता, कर्म, करणम्, सम्प्रदानम्, अपादानम्, अधिकरणम्; सम्बन्धः षष्ठी, सम्बोधनम् प्रथमा।

समासाः चत्वारः प्रधानभेदाः - अव्ययीभावः, तत्पुरुषः, बहुव्रीहिः, द्वन्द्वः; द्विगुः तत्पुरुषस्य भेदः।

अलङ्काराः - उपमा, रूपकम्, अनुप्रासः, यमकम्, उत्प्रेक्षा, अतिशयोक्तिः; रसाः नव, शृङ्गारः आदिः।

काव्यत्रयम् - गद्यम्, पद्यम्, चम्पूः; महाकाव्यानि रघुवंशम्, कुमारसम्भवम्, किरातार्जुनीयम्, शिशुपालवधम्।

తెలుగు అక్షరమాలలో 16 అచ్చులు (అ నుండి ఔ వరకు) మరియు 36 హల్లులు; హల్లులలో అనునాసిక, సంయుక్త అక్షరాలు (క్ష, త్ర, జ్ఞ) ఉన్నాయి.

ప్రాణాక్షరాలు మరియు అల్పప్రాణాలు: క-ఖ, గ-ఘ వంటి జతలలో రెండవ అక్షరం ప్రాణాక్షరం; ఊపిరితో పలికే ధ్వని.

సంధులు: అకార సంధి, ఇత్వ సంధి, ఉత్వ సంధి, యడాగమ సంధి, త్రిక సంధి, ద్విరుక్త సంధి - ఉదా. రామ + ఆలయము = రామాలయము (అకార సంధి).

సమాసాలు: తత్పురుష, కర్మధారయ, ద్విగు, ద్వంద్వ, బహువ్రీహి, అవ్యయీభావ - ఉదా. 'త్రిలోకాలు' ద్విగు సమాసం.

ఛందస్సు: గురువు (గ) ఒక మాత్ర, లఘువు (ల) అర్థ మాత్ర; ఆటవెలది (3-3-4), తేటగీతి (4-4-4), కందం, శార్దూలం, మత్తేభం ప్రధాన వృత్తాలు.

అలంకారాలు: ఉపమాలంకారం, రూపకాలంకారం, అతిశయోక్తి, అర్థాంతరన్యాసం, శ్లేష, యమకం - ఉపమలో ఉపమేయ, ఉపమాన, ఉపమావాచకం ఉంటాయి.

తెలుగు సాహిత్య యుగాలు: ఆదికవి నన్నయ (మహాభారతం ఆది, సభా, అరణ్య పర్వాలు), తిక్కన, ఎర్రన; తర్వాత శ్రీనాథుడు, పోతన (భాగవతం), ఆధునిక యుగంలో గురజాడ, శ్రీశ్రీ.

Urdu alphabet has 36 letters; letters change shape according to position - initial, medial, final, or isolated - and connect from right to left.

Aspirated consonants are written with do-chashmi he (ھ): بھ, پھ, تھ, کھ; retroflex sounds ٹ, ڈ, ڑ and ں (noon ghunna) mark nasalisation.

Tashkeel: zer (kasra) below, zabar (fatha) above, pesh (damma) for short vowels; jazm marks a saakin letter and tashdeed doubles a consonant.

Ism ke iqsaam: ism-e-khaas (proper noun), ism-e-aam (common noun), ism-e-mazmar (pronoun), ism-e-sifat (adjective), ism-e-alam; wahid, jama and mufrad/ghair-mufrad forms exist.

Fail ke zamaane: maazi (past), haal (present), mustaqbil (future); fail-e-lazim needs no maf'ool, fail-e-muta'addi takes a maf'ool.

Sinf-e-sukhan ki asnaaf: ghazal (radif, qafiya, matla, maqta), nazm, qasida, marsiya, rubai, qata, and hazal.

Arooz: bahr, rukn and taqti determine metre; ghazal ka har sher do misron mein hota hai, aur radif har sher ke aakhir mein repeat hota hai.

Urdu adab ke daur: dabistan-e-Dehli (Wali Dakkani se shuru), Meer Taqi Meer, Ghalib, Iqbal, aur taraqqi-pasand tehreek (Faiz, Josh, Manto).

Components of physical fitness: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition; skill-related components include speed, agility, balance, coordination, power and reaction time.

FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type - overload must rise progressively and reversibly (detraining occurs when training stops).

Aerobic training improves stroke volume and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max); anaerobic training develops phosphagen and glycolytic energy systems.

Energy systems: ATP-CP (about 10 seconds), lactic acid/glycolysis (up to about 2–3 minutes), and aerobic oxidation for longer efforts.

BMI = mass (kg) / height² (m²); a BMI of 18.5–24.9 is classified as normal for adults.

Muscle contraction types: isotonic (concentric/eccentric, joint moves), isometric (no joint movement), isokinetic (constant speed with accommodating resistance).

Olympic Games: modern Games revived in 1896 at Athens by Pierre de Coubertin; the Olympic motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius (faster, higher, stronger).

Sports injuries: sprain involves ligaments, strain involves muscle or tendon, dislocation is loss of joint alignment; PRICE (protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation) is the acute soft-tissue protocol.

Playfield dimensions: a volleyball court is 18 m × 9 m; a basketball court is 28 m × 15 m; a kabaddi court is 13 m × 10 m for men.

Colour wheel: primary pigments red, yellow, blue; secondary orange, green, violet; complementary colours lie opposite each other.

Elements of art: line, shape, form, space, colour, texture, value.

Principles of design: balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, unity, contrast, movement.

Indian mural sites: Ajanta (Buddhist, Maharashtra), Ellora (rock-cut, Maharashtra), Bagh caves (Madhya Pradesh).

Folk art mapping: Madhubani–Bihar, Warli–Maharashtra, Pattachitra–Odisha, Kalamkari–Andhra Pradesh, Phad–Rajasthan.

Rasa theory from Bharata's Natyashastra lists nine rasas including shringara, karuna, raudra, veera, shanta.

Bengal School: Abanindranath Tagore's wash technique; Jamini Roy drew on folk forms; Amrita Sher-Gil used post-impressionist colour.

Perspective: one-point perspective uses a single vanishing point on the horizon line; foreshortening compresses receding forms.

Mole: 1 mol = 6.022×10^23 particles; molarity = mol solute/L solution; molality = mol solute/kg solvent.

Ideal gas: PV = nRT, R = 8.314 J mol^-1 K^-1; 1 mol occupies 22.4 L at STP.

pH = -log[H+]; buffer pH = pKa + log([salt]/[acid]) (Henderson–Hasselbalch).

Photosynthesis: light reactions in thylakoids give ATP and NADPH and split water; Calvin cycle fixes CO2 using RuBisCO in the stroma.

Hormone roles: auxin–apical dominance, gibberellin–elongation, cytokinin–cell division, abscisic acid–stomatal closure, ethylene–ripening.

Taxonomy order: Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species; binomial names italicised, genus capitalised.

Mendel: monohybrid F2 ratio 3:1; dihybrid F2 ratio 9:3:3:1; law of segregation and independent assortment.

Human heart: double circulation (pulmonary and systemic); SA node is the pacemaker; resting rate 60–100 bpm.

हिंदी वर्णमाला: 11 स्वर, 33 व्यंजन; 'क्ष', 'त्र', 'ज्ञ' संयुक्त व्यंजन हैं।

उच्चारण-स्थान: कंठ्य (क वर्ग), तालव्य (च वर्ग), मूर्धन्य (ट वर्ग), दंत्य (त वर्ग), ओष्ठ्य (प वर्ग)।

संधि: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि); स्वर, व्यंजन और विसर्ग संधि के तीन भेद।

समास: 'चौराहा' द्विगु, 'दशानन' बहुव्रीहि, 'राजपुत्र' तत्पुरुष।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण आवृत्ति), उपमा (समानता), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), यमक (शब्द आवृत्ति, भिन्न अर्थ)।

रस और स्थायी भाव: शृंगार-रति, करुण-शोक, रौद्र-क्रोध, वीर-उत्साह, हास्य-हास।

वाच्य: कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, भाववाच्य; क्रिया सकर्मक या अकर्मक होती है।

काल विभाजन: आदिकाल, भक्तिकाल (निर्गुण और सगुण), रीतिकाल, आधुनिक काल।

Uniform acceleration: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as.

Newton's third law pairs act on different bodies, so they never cancel on a single body.

Ohm's law V = IR; series resistances add; parallel reciprocals add; P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

Mirror formula 1/f = 1/v + 1/u with sign convention; Snell's law n₁sin θ₁ = n₂sin θ₂; power P = 1/f in dioptres.

Equilibrium constant K depends only on temperature; Le Chatelier predicts shifts from concentration, pressure, temperature changes.

Derivatives: d/dx(x^n) = nx^(n-1), d/dx(sin x) = cos x, d/dx(e^x) = e^x, d/dx(ln x) = 1/x.

Integrals: ∫x^n dx = x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C (n ≠ -1); ∫dx/x = ln|x| + C.

Probability: P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B); independent events multiply; binomial mean np, variance npq.

स्वराः अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ; ह्रस्व-दीर्घ-प्लुत भेदाः।

स्पर्शवर्णाः पञ्चसु वर्गेषु; अन्तःस्थाः य, र, ल, व; ऊष्माणः श, ष, स, ह।

सन्धयः: दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण्, विसर्ग; देव + आलयः = देवालयः।

विभक्तयः अष्टौ, वचनानि त्रीणि; 'राम' शब्दः प्रथमा रामः/रामौ/रामाः।

लकाराः: लट् (वर्तमान), लृट् (भविष्य), लङ् (अनद्यतनभूत), लिट् (परोक्षभूत), विधिलिङ् (आज्ञार्थ)।

कारकाणि षट्: कर्ता, कर्म, करणम्, सम्प्रदानम्, अपादानम्, अधिकरणम्।

समासाः: अव्ययीभावः, तत्पुरुषः, बहुव्रीहिः, द्वन्द्वः; द्विगुः तत्पुरुषभेदः।

महाकाव्यानि: रघुवंशम्, कुमारसम्भवम्, किरातार्जुनीयम्, शिशुपालवधम्।

తెలుగు అక్షరమాల: 16 అచ్చులు, 36 హల్లులు; క్ష, త్ర, జ్ఞ సంయుక్త అక్షరాలు.

ప్రాణాక్షరాలు: క-ఖ, గ-ఘ జతలలో రెండవ అక్షరం; ఊపిరితో పలికే ధ్వని.

సంధులు: అకార, ఇత్వ, ఉత్వ, యడాగమ, త్రిక, ద్విరుక్త సంధులు; రామ + ఆలయము = రామాలయము.

సమాసాలు: తత్పురుష, కర్మధారయ, ద్విగు, ద్వంద్వ, బహువ్రీహి, అవ్యయీభావ.

ఛందస్సు: గురువు ఒక మాత్ర, లఘువు అర్థ మాత్ర; ఆటవెలది (3-3-4), తేటగీతి (4-4-4), కందం, శార్దూలం, మత్తేభం.

అలంకారాలు: ఉపమ, రూపక, అతిశయోక్తి, అర్థాంతరన్యాస, శ్లేష, యమక.

కవులు: నన్నయ (ఆదికవి, మహాభారతం), తిక్కన, ఎర్రన, పోతన (భాగవతం), శ్రీనాథుడు.

ఆధునిక యుగం: గురజాడ, శ్రీశ్రీ, విశ్వనాథ సత్యనారాయణ.

Urdu alphabet has 36 letters; letter forms change with position (initial, medial, final, isolated) and run right to left.

Do-chashmi he (ھ) marks aspirated consonants: بھ, پھ, تھ, کھ; ٹ, ڈ, ڑ are retroflex; ں is noon ghunna.

Short vowels: zer (below), zabar (above), pesh; jazm marks a saakin letter; tashdeed doubles a consonant.

Fail ke zamaane: maazi (past), haal (present), mustaqbil (future); fail-e-lazim vs fail-e-muta'addi.

Ghazal structure: har sher has two misre; radif repeats at the end of each sher; matla is the opening sher, maqta the closing one.

Asnaaf-e-sukhan: ghazal, nazm, qasida, marsiya, rubai, qata, hazal.

Urdu adab: Wali Dakkani, Meer Taqi Meer, Ghalib, Iqbal, and the taraqqi-pasand tehreek (Faiz, Josh, Manto).

Arooz: bahr, rukn and taqti determine metre; radif and qafiya govern rhyme.

Health-related fitness: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition.

FITT: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type; overload must be progressive, and detraining reverses gains.

Energy systems: ATP-CP (~10 s), lactic acid (~2–3 min), aerobic oxidation for longer efforts.

BMI = mass (kg)/height² (m²); adult normal range 18.5–24.9.

Contraction types: isotonic (concentric/eccentric), isometric (no joint movement), isokinetic (constant speed).

Modern Olympics revived 1896 in Athens by Pierre de Coubertin; motto Citius, Altius, Fortius.

Sprain = ligament, strain = muscle/tendon, dislocation = loss of joint alignment; acute soft-tissue protocol is PRICE.

Court sizes: volleyball 18 m × 9 m; basketball 28 m × 15 m; kabaddi 13 m × 10 m (men).