Punjab PSEB Matric NSQF Apparel Made-Ups key terms

National Skills Qualifications Framework: a national system that grades skills from level 1 to 10 so that vocational training and certificates are comparable across schools, institutes and employers in India.

The part of the textile industry that turns fabric into wearable garments, non-garment stitched articles such as bags and covers, and household textiles such as curtains, bed linen and upholstery.

A defined set of duties and required skills that a worker performs in a workplace, such as sewing machine operator, cutter, pattern master or quality checker, used as the basis for NSQF training.

Wearable or handheld safety items such as finger guards, aprons, masks, gloves and safety glasses that protect a worker from injury, dust, heat or chemical contact during production work.

A fixed or movable cover fitted around a moving machine part, such as the needle, belt, pulley or motor, so that fingers, hair or loose clothing cannot be caught during operation.

A safety procedure in which a machine's power source is switched off and physically locked before cleaning, threading, oiling or repair, so that it cannot be started by another worker.

The design of workstations, chairs, tables and task methods to fit the human body, reducing strain on the back, neck, wrists and eyes during long hours of sewing or cutting.

Any condition in the workplace that can cause harm, such as needle pricks, flying thread clippings, loud machines, poor lighting, fabric dust, slippery floors or blocked emergency exits.

The smallest hair-like unit from which yarn and fabric are made; it may be natural, such as cotton, wool or silk, or man-made, such as polyester, viscose or nylon.

A continuous strand made by twisting fibres or filaments together, whose thickness, twist and direction decide the strength, softness and appearance of the final fabric.

A sheet structure produced by interlacing yarns, by looping yarns, or by bonding fibres, and sold by the metre or piece for making garments, made-ups and furnishings.

The interlacing of lengthwise warp yarns with crosswise weft yarns on a loom; plain, twill and satin are the three basic weaves and differ in surface pattern and strength.

A fabric structure made by interlocking loops of yarn; it stretches more than woven cloth, resists creasing, and is used for T-shirts, hosiery and many casual garments.

Warp yarns run lengthwise along the fabric and are stronger and more tightly twisted; weft yarns run crosswise and are inserted over and under the warp during weaving.

The firmly woven narrow edge running along both lengthwise sides of a woven fabric; it prevents fraying and helps identify the warp direction and the fabric's correct grain.

A fabric or yarn made by combining two or more fibre types, such as polyester-cotton, so that the good properties of each fibre, like strength and comfort, are shared.

The direction of the warp yarns in a fabric; patterns are placed parallel to it because cutting off-grain makes garments twist, hang badly and shrink unevenly after washing.

The craft of drafting flat paper shapes for each garment part from body measurements, so that when cut and joined they form a correctly fitting three-dimensional garment.

The recorded sizes of a person or size chart, such as bust, waist, hip, shoulder width and sleeve length, taken with a measuring tape and used to draft patterns.

The extra allowance added to body measurements in a pattern so the wearer can breathe, move and sit comfortably; it may be fitting ease or design ease for a loose style.

The narrow margin of fabric left beyond the stitching line on a pattern piece, usually 1 to 1.5 cm, which is trimmed or pressed after the seam is sewn.

A trial garment made in cheap fabric from the drafted pattern to check fit, balance and design before the final cloth is cut, allowing corrections to the pattern.

A long paper plan on which all pattern pieces for one or more garments are arranged tightly and economically before cutting, showing grain lines and sizes.

The percentage of a fabric lay actually covered by garment pieces; good marker planning and correct grain placement raise utilization and directly lower material cost per garment.

The process of separating fabric into garment pieces using shears, a straight knife or a rotary cutter, following the marker accurately so that edges match during stitching.

The line of stitching that joins two or more fabric pieces; plain, French, flat-fell, lapped and overlock seams are chosen according to strength, appearance and fabric type.

The finished lower or outer edge of a garment, made by folding the fabric under and stitching it so the raw edge is enclosed and the edge stays flat and durable.

A named class of stitch, such as lockstitch, chainstitch, overlock or cover stitch, each produced by a particular machine and used for joining, neatening or decorating.

A machine that forms stitches by driving a needle and thread through fabric while a feed dog moves the cloth forward; industrial models are single-needle, overlock or specialised types.

Scheduled routine care of machines, such as cleaning lint, oiling, checking needles, belts and tension, done to prevent breakdowns and to keep stitch quality consistent.

The step-by-step process of turning an idea into a saleable item, covering market study, design, pattern, sample, costing, production and final inspection of garments or furnishings.

A trial or approval piece made to the buyer's specification before bulk production, used to confirm design, fit, fabric, colour and workmanship and to set production standards.

Decorative work added on top of finished fabric, including embroidery, applique, patchwork, printing, dyeing, quilting and bead work, to increase beauty and market value.

Decoration of cloth with needle and thread in hand or machine stitches, used to create motifs, borders and traditional designs on garments and home furnishings.

A traditional Punjabi embroidery in which bright silk thread is darned on the reverse of coarse cotton cloth so that geometric and floral motifs appear on the front.

A decorative technique in which a cut shape of one fabric is stitched onto the surface of another fabric to form a motif, often with a buttonhole or satin stitch edge.

The planned checking of fabric, cutting, stitching and finishing against set standards, using inspection at stages, so that defects are found and corrected before the product is packed.

The visual and measured examination of materials or garments for defects such as stains, skipped stitches, uneven seams, wrong size or shade variation, recorded on a checklist.

Acceptable Quality Level: the maximum percentage of defective pieces a buyer will accept in a lot, used with sampling tables to decide how many pieces to inspect.

A label sewn into a product giving washing, bleaching, drying, ironing and dry-cleaning instructions plus fibre content, so the buyer can maintain the item correctly.

The calculation of all expenses in making a product, including fabric, trims, labour, overheads and profit margin, to fix a selling price and control wastage.

A person who starts and runs a business, taking financial risk, arranging money, materials, machines and workers, and finding customers for garments or furnishing products.

The systematic reduction, reuse and recycling of production waste such as fabric scraps, thread clippings, paper patterns and packaging, to cut cost and protect the environment.

Making and using textile products in ways that limit harm to the environment and society, through saving water and energy, avoiding toxic chemicals and reducing waste.