PSEB SS Hindi flashcards
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- PSEB Class XII Hindi total marks
- The subject is assessed out of 100 marks: 80 marks for the written theory paper and 20 marks for internal assessment awarded by the school on Board guidelines.
- Gadya
- The prose component of the Hindi syllabus. It covers prescribed prose lessons and is tested through author, theme, character, and message questions in the board paper.
- Padya
- The poetry component of the syllabus. Candidates study prescribed poems and are tested on poet, central emotion, meaning of lines, and figures of speech used.
- Vayakaran
- The grammar component covering sandhi, samas, upsarg, pratyay, muhavare, vilom, paryayvachi, and shabd-shuddhi. Board items are short and transform-based.
- Rachna
- The writing-skills component of the syllabus. It includes anuchhed lekhan and patra lekhan, and is marked for format, content, and language accuracy.
- Sandhi
- The joining of two sounds or words where the final sound of the first and the initial sound of the second combine. Types include swar sandhi and vyanjan sandhi.
- Samas
- A compound word formed by joining two or more words, where the combined form carries a single meaning. Main types are tatpurush, karmadharay, dvigu, dvandva, bahuvrihi, and avyayibhav.
- Upsarg
- A prefix placed before a root word that changes or refines its meaning, such as pra, anu, vi, and nir. Grammar questions ask candidates to identify or apply them.
- Pratyay
- A suffix added to a word or root to form a new word or show grammatical relation. Kridant and taddhit are the two main categories tested in the paper.
- Muhavara
- An idiomatic expression whose meaning is figurative, not literal. Board questions ask for the meaning or for a sentence using the idiom correctly.
- Paryayvachi
- A word that carries the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. Grammar items ask candidates to supply synonyms for a given word.
- Vilom
- A word with the opposite meaning of a given word. These antonym items appear in the short-answer grammar section of the paper.
- Shabd-shuddhi
- The correction of incorrectly spelt or wrongly formed Hindi words. Candidates rewrite the given word in its standard, correct form for the mark.
- Anuchhed lekhan
- Paragraph writing on a given topic. It requires a title, a single coherent theme, and a formal close, and is marked for content and language.
- Patra lekhan
- Letter writing in Hindi. Aupcharik letters follow a formal address and salutation; anaupcharik letters are personal. Format carries marks.
- PSEB e-Book portal
- The Board's official online library that hosts the Class XII Hindi textbook as a PDF. Its text matches the printed prescribed book exactly.
- Path-prashn
- The lesson-based exercise questions printed at the end of each textbook chapter. Board question wording often follows these closely.
- Shabdarth
- The glossary of difficult words printed with each prose lesson in the textbook. Meanings from it are tested in short-answer questions.
- Poet-parichay
- A brief introduction to a prescribed poet covering name, period, and main works. Some poetry questions ask for this alongside the poem's theme.
- Bhav
- The central emotion or sentiment of a poem, such as devotion, patriotism, or karuna. Poetry answers must state the bhav clearly and support it with lines.
- Alankar
- A figure of speech used in poetry. Anupraas, upma, rupak, and utpreksha are commonly identified in prescribed lines during the exam.
- Rasa
- The aesthetic sentiment evoked by a poem or passage. Shringar, veer, karuna, and hasya are among the rasas candidates identify in prescribed text.
- Character sketch
- A prose answer describing a character's traits, actions, and role in the lesson. It is supported by incidents from the text, not opinion.
- Sandesh
- The social message or moral a prose lesson conveys. Long-answer questions often ask candidates to state and justify the lesson's sandesh.
- Ghatna-kram
- The order of events in a prose lesson. Questions may ask candidates to arrange or narrate incidents in the sequence given in the textbook.
- Model patra format
- The letter layout shown in the textbook: sender address, date, receiver address, salutation, body, and signature. The board expects the same layout.
- Theory paper marks
- The written Hindi paper carries 80 marks. The remaining 20 marks come from internal assessment, making the subject total 100 marks.
- Question paper sections
- The paper is organised into prose, poetry, grammar, and writing sections, each with a fixed mark allocation shown in the Board's published blueprint.
- Objective questions
- One-mark multiple-choice or one-word items placed at the start of the paper. They test recall of authors, titles, and grammar forms.
- Long-answer questions
- Four- to six-mark questions on prose and poetry. They require a structured answer with introduction, body, and conclusion within the prescribed word limit.
- Internal choice
- Long-answer questions offer an either/or option. Candidates answer only one alternative, so both options in each pair should be prepared.
- Prashn-patra rup-rekha
- The Board's published blueprint showing section-wise and question-type-wise marks. Practice should be matched to this distribution before the exam.