Rajasthan Group D cheat sheet

Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949 as the United State of Greater Rajasthan; the final merger of Ajmer-Merwara occurred in 1956.

Major folk deities: Pabuji (protector of camels, Phalodi), Gogaji (snake god, Gogamedi), Tejaji (snake-bite healer, Kharnal), Ramdevji (Baba Ramdev, social reformer, Ramdevra).

Famous fairs: Pushkar Camel Fair (Kartik Purnima), Nagaur Cattle Fair (Feb), Baneshwar Fair (Dungarpur, Magh Purnima), Desert Festival (Jaisalmer, Magh).

Dances: Ghoomar (women, circular), Kalbelia (snake-charmer community, UNESCO 2010), Chari (Kishangarh, pot on head), Bhavai (balanced pots), Kachhi Ghodi (Shekhawati, dummy horse).

Geography: Thar Desert covers ~61% of state; Aravalli Range runs SW–NE; highest peak Guru Shikhar (1,722 m) in Mount Abu; Chambal is the only perennial river; Sambhar Lake is India's largest inland salt lake.

Polity: Rajasthan Legislative Assembly has 200 seats; 25 Lok Sabha and 10 Rajya Sabha seats; High Court at Jodhpur (established 1949); state animal Chinkara, bird Godawan (Great Indian Bustard).

Economy: Major crops-bajra, wheat, mustard, cotton; minerals-zinc (Zawar), copper (Khetri), marble (Makrana), gypsum; Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates the Thar.

Current affairs (2024–25): Rajasthan's 'Mukhyamantri Ayushman Arogya Yojana' expands health cover; solar parks at Bhadla (Jodhpur) and Jaisalmer are among the world's largest.

Indian Constitution: adopted 26 Nov 1949, enforced 26 Jan 1950; Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12–35); DPSP (Part IV, Articles 36–51); Fundamental Duties (Article 51A, added by 42nd Amendment 1976).

President: elected by electoral college (elected MPs + elected MLAs) via proportional representation with single transferable vote; impeachment under Article 61.

Indian geography: Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states; longest river Ganga (2,525 km); highest peak Kanchenjunga (8,586 m); Deccan Plateau is a peninsular block.

World geography: Largest ocean Pacific; largest desert Sahara (hot) and Antarctica (cold); longest river Nile; highest waterfall Angel Falls (Venezuela).

Indian history: Indus Valley Civilization (Harappa, Mohenjo-daro); Mauryan Empire (Chandragupta, Ashoka); Gupta Empire (golden age); Mughal Empire (Babur 1526); British rule from Battle of Plassey 1757; independence 15 Aug 1947.

Economy: GDP is the total market value of goods and services; RBI controls monetary policy; inflation measured by CPI; NITI Aayog replaced Planning Commission in 2015.

Current affairs (2024–25): India hosted G20 in 2023; Chandrayaan-3 landed near lunar south pole (Aug 2023); Aditya-L1 solar mission launched Sep 2023; India's population surpassed China in 2023 (UN).

Physics: Newton's laws-1st (inertia), 2nd (F=ma), 3rd (action-reaction); speed of light in vacuum c ≈ 3×10⁸ m/s; unit of force newton (N), energy joule (J), power watt (W).

Chemistry: Atomic number = protons; isotopes same protons different neutrons; pH <7 acidic, >7 basic; common salt NaCl; baking soda NaHCO₃; plaster of Paris CaSO₄·½H₂O.

Biology: Cell is the structural and functional unit; mitochondria is the powerhouse; photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts (6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂); human blood groups A, B, AB, O.

Human body: Largest organ skin; longest bone femur; smallest bone stapes; normal blood pressure ~120/80 mm Hg; RBC lifespan ~120 days.

Environment: Greenhouse gases include CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, water vapour; ozone layer in stratosphere absorbs UV; biodiversity hotspots in India-Western Ghats, Himalaya, Indo-Burma, Sundaland.

Ecology: Food chain: producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer; 10% energy transfer rule; decomposers recycle nutrients; carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle are key biogeochemical cycles.

Scientific units: SI base units-metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount), candela (luminous intensity).

Arithmetic: Average = sum of observations / number of observations; Percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100; Simple Interest = P×R×T/100; Compound Interest = P(1+R/100)^T − P.

Ratio and proportion: If a:b = c:d then ad = bc; duplicate ratio of a:b is a²:b²; mean proportional between a and b is √(ab).

Mensuration: Area of circle = πr²; circumference = 2πr; area of triangle = ½×base×height; Heron's formula √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)] where s = (a+b+c)/2.

Volume: Cube = a³; cuboid = l×b×h; cylinder = πr²h; sphere = (4/3)πr³; cone = (1/3)πr²h; lateral surface area of cylinder = 2πrh.

Algebra: (a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²; (a−b)² = a² − 2ab + b²; a² − b² = (a+b)(a−b); (a+b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab(a+b).

Geometry: Sum of interior angles of a polygon = (n−2)×180°; Pythagoras theorem a² + b² = c² for right triangles; angle in a semicircle is 90°.

Time, speed, distance: Speed = distance/time; 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; relative speed when moving opposite = sum of speeds; when same direction = difference.

Number series: Check differences, ratios, squares/cubes, alternating patterns; e.g., 2, 6, 12, 20, 30 → differences 4,6,8,10 (n²+n).

Coding-decoding: Letter positions A=1 … Z=26; reverse position = 27 − position; common shifts (+1, −1, +2) and letter-pair opposites (A↔Z, B↔Y).

Blood relations: Draw a family tree; use symbols: + male, − female, = siblings, → parent; 'maternal uncle' = mother's brother.

Direction sense: Start facing North; right turn = East; left turn = West; net displacement uses Pythagoras for right-angled paths.

Syllogism: All A are B, Some B are C → no definite conclusion about A and C; use Venn diagrams; 'Some' does not imply 'All'.

Analogy and classification: Identify relationship (part-whole, cause-effect, synonym, worker-tool); odd-one-out based on category, number property, or spelling.

Calendar and clock: Odd days: ordinary year 1, leap year 2; clock hands coincide every 65 5/11 minutes; angle between hands = |30H − 5.5M| degrees.

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वर), व्यंजन संधि (स्वर+व्यंजन), विसर्ग संधि; उदा. विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि)।

समास: तत्पुरुष (अंतिम पद प्रधान), कर्मधारय (विशेषण-विशेष्य), द्वंद्व (दोनों पद प्रधान), बहुव्रीहि (अन्य पद प्रधान), अव्ययीभाव (पहला पद अव्यय)।

उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय: उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में, प्रत्यय अंत में जुड़ता है; उदा. 'अनु' + 'शासन' = अनुशासन; 'लड़कपन' में 'पन' प्रत्यय।

कारक: कर्ता (ने), कर्म (को), करण (से/के द्वारा), सम्प्रदान (के लिए), अपादान (से अलग), अधिकरण (में/पर), सम्बन्ध (का/की/के)।

वाक्य शुद्धि: लिंग, वचन, काल, पुरुष का अन्वय; अशुद्ध-'मैंने खाना खाया' शुद्ध-'मैंने खाना खाया' (कर्ता-क्रिया अन्वय); 'सभी लड़के आए' सही।

मुहावरे: 'अंधे की लाठी' = एकमात्र सहारा; 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' = भाग जाना; 'आँख का तारा' = बहुत प्यारा; 'कान भरना' = चुगली करना।

विलोम और पर्यायवाची: 'अंधकार' का विलोम 'प्रकाश'; 'सूर्य' के पर्यायवाची-रवि, भानु, दिनकर, आदित्य; 'पृथ्वी'-धरती, भूमि, वसुंधरा।

Tenses: Present perfect (has/have + past participle) for past action with present relevance; Past perfect (had + past participle) for earlier of two past actions.

Subject-verb agreement: Singular subject takes singular verb; 'Each, every, either, neither' take singular verb; 'Neither of the boys was present'.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sound, 'an' before vowel sound; 'the' for definite/unique nouns; zero article for general plural and abstract nouns.

Prepositions: 'in' for months/years/large areas, 'on' for days/dates/surfaces, 'at' for exact time/points; 'since' with point of time, 'for' with duration.

Active to passive: Object becomes subject; verb 'be + past participle'; by-agent optional; e.g., 'She writes a letter' → 'A letter is written by her'.

Vocabulary: Synonyms-'abundant' = plentiful; 'candid' = frank; Antonyms-'benevolent' ↔ 'malevolent'; 'transparent' ↔ 'opaque'.

Comprehension: Identify main idea, supporting details, inference vs. stated fact; tone (positive, negative, neutral); author's purpose (inform, persuade, entertain).