Rajasthan Group D key terms

A Rajput clan that ruled Marwar (Jodhpur) and Bikaner; its rulers such as Rao Jodha and Maharaja Jaswant Singh shaped Rajasthan's medieval politics and are standard exam material.

The Rajput dynasty of Amber and Jaipur, tracing descent from Kush; rulers such as Raja Man Singh and Sawai Jai Singh II are frequently asked about in Rajasthan history and architecture questions.

The historical region around Jodhpur in western Rajasthan, associated with the Rathore clan and a dry sandy landscape; often contrasted with Mewar in questions on regional history and geography.

The historic kingdom centred on Udaipur and Chittorgarh, ruled by the Sisodia line of Guhilas; famous for resistance to Delhi Sultanate and Mughal armies and for forts like Chittorgarh and Kumbhalgarh.

A hill fort in southern Rajasthan and UNESCO World Heritage Site, known for sieges and acts of jauhar; questions often cover its gates, Vijay Stambh and Kirti Stambh, and its historical sieges.

A historic practice in which Rajput women self-immolated to avoid capture when a fort fell; it is associated with sieges of Chittorgarh and is examined as a socio-historical custom, not a current practice.

The historical custom of a widow immolating herself on her husband's funeral pyre; now legally prohibited in India. Exam questions treat it as a social reform issue and link it to nineteenth-century legislation.

A fort-palace near Jaipur built by the Kachhwaha rulers, noted for its Hindu and Mughal architectural blend, Sheesh Mahal and Diwan-i-Aam; a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the Hill Forts of Rajasthan.

The capital city of Rajasthan, founded in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh II on a planned grid layout; known as the Pink City and famous for Hawa Mahal, Jantar Mantar and its walled city heritage status.

An eighteenth-century astronomical observatory built by Sawai Jai Singh II, with large masonry instruments such as the Samrat Yantra; the Jaipur site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Kachhwaha ruler of Amber-Jaipur who founded Jaipur in 1727 and built astronomical observatories; a high-yield name in Rajasthan history questions on city planning and astronomy.

The arid desert covering western Rajasthan and adjoining Pakistan, characterised by sand dunes, scanty rainfall and thorny vegetation; questions cover its extent, districts and desert landforms.

An ancient fold mountain range running diagonally across Rajasthan from southwest to northeast, separating the Thar Desert from the eastern plains; it includes Guru Shikhar, the state's highest peak.

The highest peak of the Aravalli Range and of Rajasthan, located on Mount Abu in Sirohi district at about 1,722 metres; a frequently asked factual point in state geography.

A river of western Rajasthan that rises near Ajmer in the Aravallis and flows southwest into the Rann of Kutch; its water turns saline downstream, so it is called a seasonal salt-carrying river.

A perennial tributary of the Yamuna that forms part of Rajasthan's eastern boundary and is known for deep ravines and the National Chambal Sanctuary for gharials and river dolphins.

A major irrigation canal starting at Harike Barrage in Punjab and running through Rajasthan's desert districts; it is central to questions on desert agriculture, drinking water and waterlogging problems.

The three-tier system of rural local self-government in India, with gram panchayat, panchayat samiti and zila parishad; Rajasthan's Nagaur district pioneered it in 1959, a common exam fact.

The 1992 constitutional amendment that gave constitutional status to panchayats, mandating elections, reservations and State Election Commissions; questions often test its Eleventh Schedule subjects.

Eleven moral obligations of citizens listed in Article 51A of the Constitution, added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee; not enforceable by courts directly.

Basic rights guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution, from equality to constitutional remedies; they are justiciable and can be enforced through writs under Articles 32 and 226.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution aimed at social and economic welfare; they are non-justiciable but fundamental in governance and are often contrasted with Fundamental Rights in exam questions.

The lowest tier of rural local government, covering a village or group of villages, with elected members and a sarpanch; it handles local civic functions listed in the Eleventh Schedule.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and release oxygen, with chlorophyll as the pigment; questions test the equation, site and limiting factors.

The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis, mainly in the blue and red regions while reflecting green; its role and location are common objective questions.

A plastid found in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis; its double membrane, grana and stroma are often asked in cell biology questions.

Tiny pores on leaf surfaces, guarded by guard cells, that allow gas exchange and transpiration; questions ask about their opening and closing and their role in water loss.

The loss of water vapour from plant leaves through stomata, which pulls water upward and cools the plant; often asked with its types and its relation to the water cycle.

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation and runoff; an environment topic tested for its stages, terms and the role of plants and oceans.

The relation stating that current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference at constant temperature, written V = IR; questions test the formula, units and limitations.

The opposition a material offers to electric current, measured in ohms and depending on length, area, material and temperature; series and parallel combinations are common numerical questions.

The rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in amperes; conventional current direction is opposite to electron flow, a point often tested in basic physics questions.

The arithmetic average of a set of values, found by dividing their sum by the number of values; used with median and mode in statistics questions and in average-based word problems.

The middle value of a data set arranged in order, or the average of the two middle values when the count is even; commonly compared with mean and mode in objective questions.

The value that occurs most frequently in a data set; a set may have one mode, several modes or none, and questions often ask for it from a frequency table.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously earned interest, so the amount grows at a fixed rate each period; formulas and yearly or half-yearly compounding are frequent numerical questions.

Interest computed only on the original principal for the whole period, using SI = P × R × T / 100; often paired with compound interest in comparison problems.

The original sum of money borrowed or invested, on which interest is calculated; distinguishing it from the amount payable is essential in interest and instalment problems.

A reasoning question type presenting premises and asking which conclusion logically follows; candidates use Venn diagrams to test validity, and only definite conclusions are accepted.

A diagram using overlapping circles to show relationships between sets; in reasoning it helps test whether syllogistic conclusions are definitely true or merely possible.

The statement proposed as necessarily following from given premises in a reasoning problem; it must be true in every possible arrangement of the premises to be accepted as valid.

Reasoning problems describing family links in words or coded symbols and asking how two people are related; drawing a family tree with clear gender and generation marks is the standard method.

A reasoning topic where words or numbers are converted by a rule and candidates must decode another item; identifying letter shifts, reversals or positional patterns is the usual approach.

Reasoning questions about movement along north, south, east and west, asking for final direction or shortest distance; sketching the path and applying Pythagoras is the reliable method.

A sequence of numbers, letters or figures following a pattern, where the candidate supplies the missing term; checking differences, ratios, squares and alternating rules helps solve it.

दो वर्णों या शब्दों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। प्रश्नों में संधि के भेद और संधि-विच्छेद पूछे जाते हैं।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। परीक्षा में समास के भेद और समास-विग्रह पूछे जाते हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देता है, जैसे प्र + हार = प्रहार। प्रश्नों में उपसर्ग पहचानने और उनसे बने शब्द पूछे जाते हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया अर्थ या भेद बनाता है, जैसे लड़क + पन = लड़कपन। परीक्षा में कृत् और तद्धित प्रत्यय के उदाहरण पूछे जाते हैं।

किसी शब्द के समान अर्थ वाले दूसरे शब्द पर्यायवाची कहलाते हैं, जैसे सूर्य के लिए दिनकर, रवि, भानु। शब्दावली प्रश्नों में इनकी पहचान और सही विकल्प चुनना होता है।

किसी शब्द का उल्टा अर्थ बताने वाला शब्द विलोम या विपरीतार्थक कहलाता है, जैसे दिन का विलोम रात। प्रश्नों में जोड़ी पहचानने और गलत विकल्प छाँटने को कहा जाता है।

जिन शब्दों के एक से अधिक अर्थ होते हैं, उन्हें अनेकार्थी शब्द कहते हैं, जैसे कनक का अर्थ सोना और धतूरा दोनों है। प्रश्नों में सही अर्थ वाला वाक्य चुनना होता है।

The grammar rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in 'She writes' versus 'They write'; questions test tricky cases with collective nouns and indefinite pronouns.

The form of a verb showing the time of an action and whether it is ongoing or completed; exam questions test correct choice among present, past and future forms and their perfect continuous variants.

The grammatical feature distinguishing active voice, where the subject acts, from passive voice, where the object becomes subject; questions ask for correct conversion and appropriate tense in passive forms.

The determiners 'a', 'an' and 'the' used before nouns; questions test choice between indefinite and definite articles and omission before uncountable or proper nouns.

A word such as in, on, at or between that shows the relation of a noun or pronoun to another element; exam items test fixed collocations and appropriate choice in context.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be understood from its individual words, such as 'once in a blue moon'; questions ask for the correct meaning or the right idiom for a situation.

A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another, such as 'begin' and 'commence'; vocabulary questions ask candidates to pick the closest match from the options given.

A word opposite in meaning to another, such as 'ancient' and 'modern'; exam items test recognition of the exact opposite rather than a loosely related word.