Rajasthan PTET cheat sheet

Number series: check differences first, then ratios, then alternating or two-interleaved series; squares/cubes ±1 are common patterns.

Alphabet positions: A=1 … Z=26; reverse position = 27 − forward position (e.g., E=5, reverse 22).

Coding-decoding: test shift (+n/−n), reversal, and position-sum rules before assuming letter substitution.

Blood relations: draw a tree; vertical line = parent-child generation, horizontal = spouse or sibling; 'only son of my mother' = the speaker himself if male.

Direction sense: fix North up; right turn = clockwise 90°, left turn = anticlockwise 90°; net displacement uses Pythagoras for perpendicular legs.

Clock: minute hand gains 5.5° per minute on the hour hand; hands coincide every 65 5/11 minutes; angle = |30H − 5.5M|.

Calendar: odd-day method; ordinary year shifts 1 odd day, leap year 2; 400 years contain 0 odd days, 100 years 5.

Ratio and average: average = sum/count; if every item increases by k, the average increases by k; weighted average weights by count.

Syllogism: valid only if the conclusion holds in every Venn arrangement of the premises; 'some' does not imply 'all' or 'none'.

Piaget's stages in order: sensorimotor (0–2), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11), formal operational (11+).

Vygotsky's ZPD is the gap between what a learner does alone and what they can do with guidance; scaffolding sits inside that gap.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/self-interest), conventional (approval/law), postconventional (universal principles).

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; 'Create' is the highest level.

Formative assessment is during learning and diagnostic in purpose; summative assessment certifies achievement at the end.

Classical conditioning (Pavlov) pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned one; operant conditioning (Skinner) shapes behaviour through reinforcement.

Inclusive education adapts the curriculum and environment to the child, not the child to a fixed standard; RTE 2009 mandates free compulsory education for ages 6–14.

Maslow's hierarchy from base: physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualisation; lower needs generally precede higher ones.

Rajasthan was formed in stages: Matsya Union merged 18 March 1948; the final unified state took shape on 1 November 1956.

Jaipur is the state capital; Rajasthan shares borders with Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

Thar Desert covers roughly the western two-thirds; the Aravalli range runs southwest to northeast and includes Guru Shikhar, the highest peak.

Rajasthan's major crops are bajra, wheat, mustard and gram; the Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates the northwestern districts.

National symbols: tiger (animal), peacock (bird), lotus (flower), banyan (tree), Ganga (river).

Fundamental Rights sit in Part III (Articles 12–35); the Right to Education is Article 21A, inserted by the 86th Amendment, 2002.

The Election Commission of India (Article 324) conducts Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, state and presidential elections.

Key Rajasthan landmarks: Chittorgarh Fort, Kumbhalgarh Fort, Dilwara Temples (Mount Abu), Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur), Sambhar Salt Lake.

Subject-verb agreement: 'one of the + plural noun' takes a singular verb ('One of the boys is…'); 'each/every/either/neither' take singular verbs.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' for unique or previously specified nouns.

Tenses: 'since/for' with present perfect or perfect continuous; 'ago' with simple past; time/condition clauses after 'if/when' take present, not future.

Prepositions: 'good at', 'married to', 'composed of', 'consist of', 'prefer X to Y', 'superior to', 'differ from'.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'; keep the original tense.

Direct to indirect: present tense shifts to past; 'this'→'that', 'today'→'that day', 'tomorrow'→'the next day'; questions use statement order.

Synonyms/antonyms: anchor meaning with a sentence; 'abundant' = plentiful, 'candid' = frank, 'obsolete' = outdated.

Idioms: 'a blessing in disguise' (hidden benefit), 'to beat about the bush' (avoid the point), 'once in a blue moon' (very rarely).

संधि: स्वर संधि में दो स्वर मिलते हैं (विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय); व्यंजन संधि में व्यंजन का परिवर्तन होता है।

समास: तत्पुरुष में उत्तर पद प्रधान, द्वंद्व में दोनों पद प्रधान, बहुव्रीहि में कोई भी पद प्रधान नहीं - अर्थ तीसरा निकलता है।

उपसर्ग शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़ता है (अ + सत्य = असत्य); प्रत्यय अंत में (सुंदर + ता = सुंदरता)।

विलोम शब्द जोड़ों में याद करें: अमृत–विष, उत्थान–पतन, सदाचार–दुराचार, आदि–अंत।

पर्यायवाची: सूर्य - रवि, भानु, दिनकर, दिवाकर; पृथ्वी - धरती, वसुधा, भूमि, रत्नगर्भा।

मुहावरे अर्थ सहित: 'अंधे की लाठी' = एकमात्र सहारा; 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' = भाग जाना; 'आँख का तारा' = बहुत प्यारा।

वाक्य शुद्धि: लिंग, वचन, कारक और काल का अन्वय (agreement) जाँचें; 'राम ने पुस्तक पढ़ी' में कर्म के अनुसार स्त्रीलिंग क्रिया है।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास में वर्ण की आवृत्ति, उपमा में 'सा/सम/जैसा', रूपक में अभेद आरोप होता है।

रस के नौ भेद हैं; श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत और शांत।