RBSE Sec Voc IT and ITeS cheat sheet

Data is raw unprocessed facts; information is processed data that is meaningful and useful for decision-making; knowledge applies information with experience.

Von Neumann architecture: CPU (ALU + control unit), memory, input, output; instructions and data share the same memory and are fetched in the fetch-decode-execute cycle.

Memory hierarchy by speed and cost: registers > cache (L1/L2/L3) > RAM > SSD/HDD > optical/tape; RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB, 1 TB = 1024 GB (binary prefixes).

Number systems: binary base 2, octal base 8, decimal base 10, hexadecimal base 16; hexadecimal digit values 0-9 and A-F.

Software classes: system software (OS, utilities, drivers) manages hardware; application software (word processor, browser) serves user tasks.

OS functions: process management, memory management, file system management, device management, and providing a user interface.

Input devices convert human data to machine form (keyboard, mouse, scanner, mic); output devices reverse it (monitor, printer, speaker).

Logic gates: AND outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1; OR outputs 1 if any input is 1; NOT inverts; XOR outputs 1 only if inputs differ.

Word processor styles apply consistent fonts and spacing to all headings at once; a table of contents is generated from heading styles.

Track Changes records insertions and deletions; Accept/Reject resolves them; Comments are annotations that are not printed by default.

Spreadsheet cell references: relative (A1) shifts when copied; absolute ($A$1) is fixed; mixed ($A1 or A$1) fixes only row or column.

Common functions: SUM(range), AVERAGE(range), COUNT counts numeric cells, COUNTA counts non-empty cells, IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false).

VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup]); range_lookup FALSE/0 gives exact match, TRUE/1 gives approximate match.

Charts: column/bar compare categories, line shows trend over time, pie shows parts of one whole (use only for a single data series).

Presentation best practice: one idea per slide, minimum readable font around 24 pt, high contrast text, consistent slide master.

Spreadsheet error values: #DIV/0! divides by zero, #REF! is an invalid reference, #VALUE! is a wrong data type, #NAME? is an unknown function name.

Internet = global network of networks using TCP/IP; the World Wide Web is one service (HTTP/HTTPS) running on it.

URL parts: scheme (https), host/domain (example.com), optional port, path, query string (?key=value), fragment (#section).

HTTP methods: GET retrieves data, POST submits data in the body, PUT updates/replaces, DELETE removes; HTTPS adds TLS encryption.

DNS resolves domain names to IP addresses; IPv4 addresses are 32-bit dotted decimal, IPv6 addresses are 128-bit hexadecimal.

Email fields: To (primary recipients), Cc (visible copy), Bcc (hidden copy), Subject, Body, Attachment.

Web page structure: HTML gives structure/content, CSS gives presentation/style, JavaScript gives client-side behaviour.

Static web page content is fixed in the file; dynamic page content is generated per request by server-side code or scripts.

Search operators: quotation marks for exact phrase, site: to restrict to a domain, minus sign to exclude a term, filetype: to limit file type.

DBMS = software that stores, retrieves and controls access to data; RDBMS stores data in related tables with rows (records) and columns (fields).

Primary key uniquely identifies each row and cannot be null; foreign key references a primary key in another table to enforce referential integrity.

Normalization reduces redundancy: 1NF removes repeating groups, 2NF removes partial dependency on part of a composite key, 3NF removes transitive dependency.

SQL categories: DDL (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), DML (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), DQL (SELECT), DCL (GRANT, REVOKE), TCL (COMMIT, ROLLBACK).

Join types: INNER JOIN returns matching rows only; LEFT JOIN returns all left rows plus matches; RIGHT JOIN mirrors it; FULL OUTER returns all rows.

Aggregate functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX; GROUP BY groups rows and HAVING filters groups, while WHERE filters individual rows.

ACID properties: Atomicity (all or nothing), Consistency, Isolation, Durability - guarantees for reliable transactions.

Data types: INTEGER for whole numbers, DECIMAL for exact money values, VARCHAR for variable text, DATE for calendar dates, BOOLEAN for true/false.

Program development stages: problem analysis, algorithm/flowchart design, coding, testing and debugging, documentation and maintenance.

Flowchart symbols: oval = start/stop, parallelogram = input/output, rectangle = process, diamond = decision, arrow = flow direction.

Three control structures: sequence (steps in order), selection (if/else, switch), iteration (for, while, do-while loops).

Variable is a named memory location holding a value; constant cannot change after assignment; data types determine allowed values and operations.

Operators: arithmetic (+ - * / %), relational (== != < > <= >=), logical (AND, OR, NOT); % gives the remainder.

Loop types: for is used when the count is known; while tests the condition before the body; do-while executes the body at least once.

Array is a fixed-size collection of elements of the same type accessed by index; indexing usually starts at 0.

Compilation translates the whole source to machine code before running; interpretation translates and executes line by line.

Debugging: syntax errors break compilation, runtime errors occur during execution (e.g. divide by zero), logic errors give wrong output without crashing.

ITeS = services delivered using IT, e.g. BPO, KPO, LPO, call centres, e-publishing, medical transcription, data entry, GIS services.

BPO outsources standard repeatable processes (payroll, customer support); KPO outsources knowledge-intensive work (research, analytics, legal); LPO covers legal processes.

Outsourcing types: onshore (same country), nearshore (nearby country), offshore (distant country); captive centre is owned by the client, third-party is vendor-run.

Common service-level metrics: AHT (average handling time), FCR (first contact resolution), SLA adherence, TAT (turnaround time), CSAT, shrinkage, occupancy.

Voice process handles inbound or outbound calls; non-voice process handles email, chat, back-office transactions and document processing.

Attrition = employees leaving over a period; shrinkage = paid time not available for handling contacts (breaks, meetings, absence).

Data privacy obligations in ITeS: collect only needed data, restrict access by role, avoid sharing client data, follow the client's security policy.

Communication process elements: sender, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, and noise (interference).

Active listening steps: pay attention, avoid interrupting, paraphrase to confirm, ask clarifying questions, summarise before closing.

7 Cs of communication: clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent, complete, courteous.

Voice quality elements: pitch, tone, pace, volume, pronunciation and pauses; a smile is audible in tone on calls.

Empathy statement acknowledges feeling ("I understand this is frustrating"); it is followed by an action statement, not by blame.

Call structure: greeting with name and organisation, verify identity, listen and probe, resolve, confirm, summarise, close politely.

Email etiquette: specific subject line, one topic per message, professional salutation and sign-off, proofread, reply within the agreed SLA.

Escalation rule: resolve at first contact if within authority; transfer with a summary when policy, authority or technical limits are reached.

CIA triad: Confidentiality (only authorised access), Integrity (data unaltered and accurate), Availability (accessible when needed).

Malware types: virus attaches to files, worm self-replicates over networks, trojan disguises as legitimate software, ransomware encrypts data for payment, spyware secretly collects data.

Phishing is fraudulent email or message tricking users into revealing credentials; smishing uses SMS, vishing uses voice calls.

Strong password rules: long length, upper and lower case, digits, symbols, no dictionary words or personal data, unique per account, password manager recommended.

Multi-factor authentication combines something you know (password), something you have (OTP/token) and something you are (biometric).

Encryption converts plaintext to ciphertext with a key; symmetric uses one shared key, asymmetric uses a public/private key pair.

Firewall filters network traffic by rules; antivirus detects known malware signatures; both must be updated regularly.

Cyber ethics: no unauthorised access, no software piracy, respect copyright and licences, no plagiarism, no harassment, protect others' privacy.

Personal data protection: collect with consent and for a stated purpose, keep only as long as needed, allow correction, report breaches promptly.

Entrepreneur traits and functions: opportunity spotting, risk-bearing, innovation, resource mobilisation, decision-making and leadership.

Business plan sections: executive summary, product/service description, market analysis, marketing plan, operations plan, management team, financial plan.

Startup funding stages: bootstrapping (own funds), seed/angel investment, venture capital, bank loan, government schemes and grants.

MSME classification in India uses investment in plant and machinery and annual turnover thresholds; registration enables scheme benefits.

SWOT analysis maps internal Strengths and Weaknesses against external Opportunities and Threats.

Resume essentials: contact details, objective or summary, education, skills, projects/experience, achievements; keep it truthful and one to two pages.

Interview technique: research the employer, prepare STAR answers (Situation, Task, Action, Result), ask relevant questions, follow up with a thank-you note.

Workplace skills: punctuality, teamwork, time management, adaptability, digital literacy, willingness to learn and accept feedback.

Social engineering manipulates people rather than systems; verification through an independent channel defeats most attempts.

Secure browsing indicators: HTTPS and padlock show transport encryption, not that the site is trustworthy; check the exact domain spelling.

Backup rule 3-2-1: three copies, on two different media, with one copy off-site; test restore, do not only test backup.

Software updates patch known vulnerabilities; unpatched systems are a leading entry point for attacks.

Public Wi-Fi risk: traffic may be intercepted; use a VPN and avoid banking or confidential logins on untrusted networks.

Data minimisation and retention: store only required fields, mask or anonymise sensitive values, delete when the purpose is served.

Incident response order: detect, contain, report to the security contact, eradicate, recover, and document lessons learned.

Copyright and licensing: commercial software needs a valid licence; open-source licences set conditions for use, modification and redistribution; freeware is not the same as open source.

SMART goals: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound; each objective must satisfy all five criteria.

Time management: Eisenhower matrix sorts tasks by urgency and importance; important-not-urgent tasks should be scheduled, not deferred.

Team roles and stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning; conflict is normal and should be addressed early.

Customer discovery: identify the target segment, interview potential users, validate the problem before building the product.

Cost and revenue basics: profit = revenue - total cost; break-even quantity = fixed cost / (price - variable cost per unit).

Digital presence for a small business: domain and website, verified business listing, social media consistency, online payment and clear contact details.

Professional email and phone etiquette: respond within the stated time, use a clear subject, avoid all caps, keep tone neutral in writing.

Lifelong employability: keep a skills record, pursue certifications, build a portfolio, and maintain professional references.