RBSE SS Home Science cheat sheet

Adolescence spans roughly ages 10-19 (WHO); puberty is the biological process of sexual maturation, distinct from the psychosocial stage of adolescence.

Growth spurt: girls peak near menarche (around age 12), boys about two years later; boys gain more lean mass, girls more fat mass.

Tanner staging (1-5) rates pubic hair and breast/genital development; menarche typically follows Tanner breast stage 3-4.

Sexual maturity in girls: thelarche (breast budding) precedes pubarche (pubic hair) and menarche, usually in that order.

Erikson's stage for adolescence is identity versus role confusion; peer group and role models shape self-concept.

Piaget's formal operational stage begins around age 11: abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive thought, and metacognition.

Girls generally reach skeletal maturity earlier; delayed puberty in boys is assessed after age 14 (no testicular enlargement).

Adolescent nutrition needs rise: iron for girls after menarche, calcium for peak bone mass, and protein for growth.

Hindu Marriage Act 1955: minimum age 18 for bride and 21 for groom; monogamy, consent, and prohibited degrees of relationship apply.

Grounds for divorce under Hindu Marriage Act include adultery, cruelty, desertion (2+ years), conversion, insanity, and leprosy (as amended).

Special Marriage Act 1955 permits civil marriage regardless of religion with 30-day notice; registration is compulsory for validity under this Act.

Family functions: reproduction, socialization, economic support, emotional security, and care of dependents.

Family life cycle stages: beginning family, childbearing, preschool, school-age, teenage, launching, middle-aged, and aging family.

Types of family: nuclear, joint, extended; patrilocal, matrilocal, neolocal residence; patriarchal versus egalitarian authority.

Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 and Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 protect marriage-related rights.

Community is a group sharing locality and interests; community development uses local participation, leadership, and self-help.

Energy: carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g; alcohol 7 kcal/g.

Balanced diet supplies energy plus all nutrients in proportions; ICMR-NIN balanced diet plans specify cereals, pulses, milk, vegetables, fruits, fats, and sugar by age/sex.

Macronutrients: carbohydrates (energy), proteins (growth, repair, 9 essential amino acids), fats (essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamin transport).

Micronutrients: iron (haemoglobin), iodine (thyroid), calcium and vitamin D (bone), vitamin A (vision), vitamin C (collagen, iron absorption).

Deficiency diseases: kwashiorkor (protein deficiency, oedema), marasmus (energy deficiency, wasting), anaemia (iron), goitre (iodine), beriberi (thiamine), pellagra (niacin), scurvy (vitamin C), rickets (vitamin D).

Protein quality: complete proteins (animal) contain all essential amino acids; complementary proteins (cereal + pulse) improve amino acid balance.

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)^2; WHO adult categories: underweight <18.5, normal 18.5-24.9, overweight 25-29.9, obese >=30.

Dietary fibre aids bowel function; water requirement and hydration matter; excess sugar and saturated fat raise chronic disease risk.

Food hazards: biological (bacteria, viruses, parasites), chemical (pesticides, heavy metals, toxins), and physical (glass, metal, stones).

Five keys to safer food (WHO): keep clean; separate raw and cooked; cook thoroughly; keep food at safe temperatures; use safe water and raw materials.

Danger zone for bacterial growth is 5-60 degrees Celsius; refrigeration should be at or below 4 degrees Celsius, freezer at -18 degrees Celsius.

FSSAI is India's food regulator under the Food Safety and Standards Act 2006; it sets standards, licensing, and labelling rules.

Food adulteration tests: starch in milk (iodine), metanil yellow in turmeric (HCl), chalk in sugar, sawdust in chilli powder.

Food preservation methods: drying, salting, sugaring, pickling, canning, freezing, irradiation, and use of chemical preservatives within limits.

HACCP is a preventive system: hazard analysis plus critical control points; GMP and GHP are prerequisite programmes.

Food labels must show ingredients, net quantity, nutrition information, date marking, and FSSAI licence number.

Resources are classified as human (time, energy, knowledge, skills, attitudes) and non-human (money, material goods, facilities).

Management process: planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating; decision-making runs through all steps.

Time management tools: peak-load planning, work simplification, and the Pareto principle (80% of results from 20% of effort).

Work simplification techniques: eliminate, combine, rearrange, and simplify (ECRS) to reduce fatigue and drudgery.

Budgeting: income minus fixed and flexible expenses equals savings; a budget is a plan for spending and saving.

Consumer rights include safety, information, choice, being heard, redressal, and consumer education (Consumer Protection Act 2019).

Consumer responsibilities: check quality marks (ISI, Agmark, FSSAI, Hallmark), demand a bill, and avoid impulse buying.

Standardisation marks: ISI (industrial goods), Agmark (agricultural), FSSAI (food), Hallmark (gold), and Ecomark (environment).

Natural fibres: cotton (cellulose, absorbent), wool (protein, warm, felts), silk (protein, lustrous), jute (cellulose, coarse).

Manufactured fibres: rayon (regenerated cellulose), polyester, nylon, acrylic (synthetic, thermoplastic, low absorbency).

Yarn properties: staple versus filament, twist direction, count (finer yarn has higher count), and ply.

Weaves: plain (strong, reversible), twill (diagonal, durable), satin (lustrous, floats), plus knit (stretch) and non-woven.

Fabric finishes: mercerisation (cotton, improves lustre and strength), sanforisation (shrinkage control), calendering, and water repellency.

Colour theory: primary, secondary, tertiary colours; warm and cool colours; value (light-dark) and intensity (saturation).

Elements of design: line, shape, colour, texture, space; principles: balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, and harmony.

Care labels and laundry: sort by colour and fabric, use correct water temperature, and follow symbol instructions.

Developmental domains: physical, cognitive, language, social, emotional, and moral; development is lifelong and multidimensional.

Prenatal stages: germinal (0-2 weeks), embryonic (2-8 weeks), fetal (8 weeks to birth); teratogens are most harmful in the embryonic period.

Reflexes in newborns: rooting, sucking, Moro, grasp, and Babinski; their presence and disappearance indicate neurological status.

Milestones: social smile around 6 weeks, sitting with support 6 months, walking 12-15 months, first words around 12 months.

Attachment theory (Bowlby, Ainsworth): secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment patterns.

Kohlberg's moral development: preconventional, conventional, postconventional levels; Gilligan critiqued gender bias.

Parenting styles (Baumrind): authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved; authoritative is linked to best outcomes.

Play stages: solitary, parallel, associative, cooperative; play supports physical, cognitive, and social development.

Communication process: sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback, and noise; effective communication needs clear encoding and decoding.

Types of communication: verbal, non-verbal (gesture, posture, eye contact), written, and visual.

Extension education is informal, out-of-school education for rural and community development, using voluntary participation.

Extension teaching methods: individual (farm/home visits, telephone), group (demonstrations, meetings), and mass (radio, TV, posters, social media).

Adoption process: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption; innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards.

Audio-visual aids: charts, flashcards, flip charts, models, puppets, films, and ICT tools; select aids by audience literacy and message.

Diffusion of innovations: the innovation, communication channels, time, and social system determine spread of a practice.

Barriers to communication: semantic, physical, psychological, and organizational; feedback is the key corrective mechanism.

Personal hygiene: regular bathing, oral care, handwashing with soap, nail and hair care, and clean clothing prevent infection.

Vital signs: normal adult temperature about 37 degrees Celsius, pulse 60-100/min, respiration 12-20/min, blood pressure about 120/80 mmHg.

First aid basics: RICE for sprains (rest, ice, compression, elevation); burns cooled with running water; never apply oil.

Home nursing skills: bed making, oral and bed bath, temperature and pulse recording, and safe patient positioning.

Communicable disease prevention: immunization, safe water, sanitation, vector control, and isolation of infected persons.

Immunization schedule (India UIP): BCG, OPV, hepatitis B at birth; pentavalent and rotavirus at 6-10-14 weeks; measles-rubella at 9-16 months.

ORS for dehydration: WHO low-osmolarity ORS with zinc is standard for childhood diarrhoea.

Wound care: clean with saline, apply sterile dressing, and watch for signs of infection (redness, swelling, pus, fever).

A project follows steps: problem selection, objectives, planning, data collection, analysis, report writing, and presentation.

Data collection tools: questionnaire, interview schedule, observation checklist, and standardized tests; pilot-test tools before use.

Sampling: random, purposive, and convenience; sample size and representativeness affect validity.

Nutrition practicals: balanced diet calculation, food composition tables, and diet surveys (24-hour recall, food frequency).

Textile practicals: fibre identification by burning and solubility tests; simple stitching, drafting, and embroidery samples.

Extension practicals: prepare charts, posters, and demonstrations; conduct a community survey and record findings.

Report format: title, objectives, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and references.

Ethics in projects: informed consent, confidentiality, and accurate reporting of data.