RBSE SS Voc IT and ITeS cheat sheet

Computer hierarchy: input unit → CPU (ALU + control unit) → output unit, with primary memory (RAM/ROM) and secondary storage attached to the CPU via buses.

Bit = one binary digit; 8 bits = 1 byte; 1024 bytes = 1 KB, 1024 KB = 1 MB, 1024 MB = 1 GB, 1024 GB = 1 TB.

RAM is volatile and holds running programs and data; ROM is non-volatile and holds firmware such as the BIOS/UEFI boot routine.

Cache (L1/L2/L3) is faster and smaller than RAM; secondary storage (HDD, SSD, optical, pen drive) is non-volatile and slower than RAM.

Software classes: system software (OS, device drivers, utilities) vs application software (general-purpose and customised/tailor-made).

OS functions: process management, memory management, file management, device management, and user interface; examples are Windows, Linux, macOS, Android.

Open-source software provides source code for modification (e.g., Linux, LibreOffice); proprietary software restricts it under a licence.

Number systems: binary base 2, octal base 8, decimal base 10, hexadecimal base 16; hexadecimal digits are 0-9 and A-F.

Hardware ports and units: USB, HDMI, VGA, Ethernet RJ-45; input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, and biometric sensors.

Word processor file extensions: .docx (Word), .odt (Writer); a template supplies predefined styles and layout for new documents.

Word features map to purpose: mail merge (letters to many recipients), track changes (review), styles (consistent headings), header/footer (repeated page content).

Spreadsheet cell reference types: relative (A1 changes on copy), absolute ($A$1 fixed), mixed ($A1 or A$1 partly fixed).

Spreadsheet formulas begin with = ; operators are + - * / ^ ; functions include SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MAX, MIN, IF, and VLOOKUP.

Error values: #DIV/0! (divide by zero), #REF! (invalid reference), #NAME? (unrecognised name), #VALUE! (wrong argument type).

Chart choice rule: column/bar for comparison, line for trend over time, pie for parts of a whole (single series), scatter for correlation.

Presentation slide structure: title slide, content slides, and a closing slide; slide master controls fonts, colours, and placeholders for all slides.

Presentation file types: .pptx (PowerPoint), .odp (Impress); transitions apply between slides, animations apply to objects within a slide.

Internet vs WWW: the Internet is the global network of networks; the World Wide Web is a hypertext service that runs on it.

Protocol roles: HTTP/HTTPS for web pages, FTP for file transfer, SMTP for sending mail, POP3/IMAP for receiving mail, DNS for name-to-IP resolution.

URL anatomy: protocol://domain/path?query#fragment - for example https://example.org/page?id=7; HTTPS adds TLS encryption.

IP addressing: IPv4 is 32-bit dotted decimal; IPv6 is 128-bit hexadecimal; a static IP is fixed, a dynamic IP is assigned by DHCP.

Search operators: quotes for exact phrase, minus sign to exclude a term, site: to restrict to one domain, filetype: to restrict file format.

Email fields: To (primary recipients), Cc (visible copy), Bcc (hidden copy); attachment size is limited by the mail server.

Netiquette and safety rules: never share passwords or OTPs, verify sender addresses before opening attachments, log out of shared machines.

Digital communication channels: email, instant messaging, video conferencing, blogs, wikis, and social media; synchronous means real time, asynchronous means delayed.

DBMS definition: software that stores, retrieves, and manages data while controlling redundancy, consistency, and concurrent access.

Relational model terms: relation = table, tuple = row/record, attribute = column/field, domain = allowed value set, primary key = unique identifier.

Key rules: primary key is unique and not null; foreign key references a primary key in another table and enforces referential integrity.

SQL command groups: DDL (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), DML (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), DQL (SELECT), DCL (GRANT, REVOKE).

SELECT clause order: SELECT columns FROM table WHERE condition GROUP BY column HAVING condition ORDER BY column ASC|DESC.

Aggregate functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX; WHERE filters rows before grouping, HAVING filters groups after grouping.

Normalisation: 1NF removes repeating groups, 2NF removes partial dependency on part of a composite key, 3NF removes transitive dependency.

Data handling practice: validate data types on entry, back up regularly, and restrict access by role to protect integrity and privacy.

Program building blocks: variables, data types, operators, input/output, control structures, functions, and comments.

Control structures: sequence (default), selection (if-else, switch/case), and iteration (for, while, do-while loops).

Loop decision rule: for when the count is known, while when the condition is checked before the body, do-while when the body must run at least once.

Variable scope: a local variable exists only inside its function or block; a global variable is visible throughout the program.

Parameter passing: pass by value copies the argument; pass by reference passes the address so the original can be modified.

Algorithm properties: finiteness, definiteness, input, output, and effectiveness; a flowchart uses standard symbols (oval, parallelogram, rectangle, diamond).

Compilation translates the whole source into machine code before execution; interpretation translates and runs line by line.

Testing levels: unit (single module), integration (modules combined), system (whole system), acceptance (user validation); a syntax error breaks compilation, a logic error gives wrong output.

BPO categories: front office (customer-facing, e.g., call centre) and back office (internal processing, e.g., payroll, claims, data entry).

Outsourcing types: onshore (same country), nearshore (nearby country), offshore (distant country); captive centres are owned by the client.

Data entry accuracy metrics: keystroke accuracy, error rate, and turnaround time; double entry keying detects mismatches between two operators.

Call centre metrics: AHT (average handling time), FCR (first call resolution), CSAT (customer satisfaction), and adherence to shift schedule.

Transcription steps: listen, type, proofread against the audio, format, and deliver; verbatim transcription keeps filler words, clean transcription removes them.

Confidentiality rule: client data is never copied to personal devices or shared outside the authorised team; NDAs bind the employee legally.

Service quality tools: SLA (agreed service level), escalation matrix for unresolved issues, and knowledge base for consistent answers.

Common ITeS roles: data entry operator, customer support executive, technical support agent, medical or legal transcriptionist, process associate.

Ergonomic workstation rules: monitor top at or slightly below eye level, elbows near 90 degrees, feet flat, lower back supported, screen about an arm's length away.

20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds to reduce digital eye strain.

Repetitive strain injury (RSI) risk is reduced by wrist-neutral posture, short micro-breaks, and varied tasks, not by longer continuous typing.

Electrical safety: do not overload sockets, keep liquids away from equipment, use surge protection, and disconnect power before servicing hardware.

Fire safety: know exit routes and assembly points, use CO2 or dry-powder extinguishers on electrical fires, never water.

Work ethics: punctuality, honesty in reporting work and hours, respect for confidentiality, avoidance of plagiarism, and no misuse of company resources.

Data protection duties: use strong unique passwords, lock the screen when leaving, follow the organisation's privacy and acceptable-use policy.

Reporting rules: report accidents, near misses, and security incidents immediately to the designated officer; do not conceal them.

ITeS (IT-enabled services) delivers business processes using IT, covering BPO, KPO (knowledge process outsourcing), and LPO (legal process outsourcing).

The IT industry has two main segments: IT services and software (development, maintenance, consulting) and hardware (manufacture, sales, support).

KPO work requires domain expertise, for example research, analytics, or financial modelling, whereas BPO work is largely rule-based processing.

Career entry routes: helpdesk/desktop support → network or system administration → specialist roles; or data entry → process associate → team lead.

Common certifications and skills: typing speed with accuracy, spreadsheet proficiency, a programming language, and communication skills for support roles.

Growth drivers for ITeS include cost advantage, 24x7 service needs, digital transformation, and availability of a skilled workforce.

Role definitions: helpdesk resolves user tickets, network administrator maintains connectivity, software developer builds applications, data analyst interprets data.

Employment basics: an offer letter, appointment letter, and NDA define duties, salary, notice period, and confidentiality obligations.

Cloud service models: IaaS supplies virtual machines and storage, PaaS supplies a development platform, SaaS supplies ready applications over the internet.

Cloud deployment types: public, private, and hybrid; cloud computing features include on-demand self-service, elasticity, and pay-per-use.

Artificial intelligence systems learn patterns from data; machine learning is a subset; training data quality determines output quality.

IoT (Internet of Things) connects physical devices with sensors to a network for monitoring and control, such as smart meters or wearables.

Blockchain is a distributed, append-only ledger of linked blocks; each block carries a hash of the previous block, making tampering detectable.

Digital documentation uses e-signatures, version control, and metadata (author, date, keywords); PDF preserves layout across devices.

Cybersecurity basics: phishing is a fraudulent message that steals credentials; malware includes viruses, worms, and ransomware; a firewall filters network traffic.

Emerging tech uses: AR overlays digital content on the real view, VR creates a simulated environment, and big data is characterised by volume, velocity, variety, and veracity.