TGSRTC TST/MST cheat sheet

Fundamental traffic flow equation: q = k × v, where q is flow (veh/h), k is density (veh/km), v is space-mean speed (km/h).

Level of Service (LOS) grades A to F: A is free flow, E is at capacity, F is forced/breakdown flow; HCM uses density and speed thresholds per facility type.

Passenger Car Unit (PCU) converts mixed traffic to car equivalents: typical IRC values are car 1.0, bus/truck 3.0–4.5, two-wheeler 0.5–0.75, cycle rickshaw 1.5–2.0, and bullock cart 4–6.

Capacity of a single lane on an urban road is roughly 1,800–2,000 PCU/h under ideal conditions; practical capacity is lower once signals, parking and pedestrians are counted.

Webster's optimum cycle length: C₀ = (1.5L + 5) / (1 − Y), where L is total lost time per cycle and Y is the sum of critical flow ratios.

Road hierarchy in Indian practice: national highways (NH), state highways (SH), major district roads (MDR), other district roads (ODR), and village roads (VR).

Traffic calming devices include speed humps, raised tables, chicanes, rumble strips, and gateway treatments; their selection depends on the target speed and road class.

Accident severity is measured by the KSI (killed and seriously injured) rate; accident rate per vehicle-kilometre is preferred over raw counts for comparing stretches.

Four-stroke cycle order is intake, compression, power (expansion), exhaust; the crankshaft completes two revolutions per cycle while the camshaft completes one.

Compression ratio r = (swept volume + clearance volume) / clearance volume; petrol engines typically run 8:1–12:1, diesel engines 14:1–23:1.

Engine displacement = (π/4) × bore² × stroke × number of cylinders; a larger bore-to-stroke ratio gives an oversquare, higher-revving engine.

Diesel engines are compression-ignition with direct fuel injection; petrol engines are spark-ignition and use a carburettor or electronic fuel injection.

Common rail direct injection (CRDI) maintains high injection pressure independent of engine speed, improving atomisation, torque, and emissions.

Brake thermal efficiency = brake power output / heat energy supplied by fuel; typical values are about 25–35% for petrol and 30–42% for diesel engines.

Differential allows the driven wheels to rotate at different speeds in a turn; the ring-and-pinion gear set provides final drive reduction.

ABS prevents wheel lock by modulating brake pressure; EBD distributes braking force between axles according to load, and ESP/ESC corrects yaw by braking individual wheels.

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 is the parent central law; state rules (e.g., Telangana Motor Vehicles Rules) supply the operational detail, and the MV (Amendment) Act, 2019 raised most penalties.

Driving licence categories in India: MCWOG (gearless two-wheeler), MCWG (motorcycle with gear), LMV, LMV-TR (transport), HMV, HGMV, and TRANS (transport vehicle).

Learner's licence is valid for six months; a permanent licence can be applied for after 30 days and before the learner's licence expires.

Section 185 penalises driving with blood alcohol above 30 mg per 100 mL of blood; the 2019 amendment raised the fine to ₹10,000 and/or imprisonment for a first offence.

Section 184 covers dangerous driving; Section 279 of the IPC/BNS handles rash driving on a public way, and Section 304A/BNS equivalent covers causing death by negligence.

Third-party insurance is mandatory under Section 146; a policy is voidable if the vehicle is driven without a valid licence or by an unauthorised person.

Fitness certificate for a transport vehicle is required every two years for vehicles up to eight years old, and annually thereafter.

Permit types: stage carriage (fixed route and stops), contract carriage (chartered, no picking up en route), goods carriage, and special permits for tourist or temporary operations.

Indian Constitution: 42nd Amendment (1976) added the words socialist, secular, and integrity, and added Fundamental Duties under Article 51A.

Fundamental Rights are in Articles 12–35; the Right to Education under Article 21A was inserted by the 86th Amendment (2002).

Telangana is a landlocked southern state formed on 2 June 2014; its capital is Hyderabad and it shares borders with Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.

Telangana's major irrigation projects include Kaleshwaram (Godavari), Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar (Krishna), and the Sriram Sagar Project on the Godavari.

The Krishna and Godavari are the two principal rivers of Telangana; the Musi is a tributary of the Krishna that flows through Hyderabad.

Indian space and defence milestones to track: Chandrayaan-3 soft landing (2023), Aditya-L1 solar mission, and Gaganyaan crewed programme.

Key national indices: NITI Aayog SDG India Index, Multidimensional Poverty Index, and the Reserve Bank's monetary policy repo rate decisions.

Current affairs items are time-sensitive; verify the date of any appointment, award, or scheme before relying on it in an answer.

Percentage change = (new − old) / old × 100; successive percentage changes of a% and b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest SI = P × R × T / 100; compound interest CI = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1], and for two years CI − SI = P(R/100)².

Speed–distance–time: distance = speed × time; convert km/h to m/s by multiplying by 5/18, and m/s to km/h by 18/5.

Relative speed is the sum when moving in opposite directions and the difference when moving in the same direction.

Work and time: if A does a job in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days.

Boats and streams: downstream speed = boat + stream, upstream = boat − stream, so boat speed = (down + up)/2 and stream speed = (down − up)/2.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; the average of the first n natural numbers is (n + 1)/2.

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; when two articles are sold at the same price with equal profit and loss percentages, the seller always makes a net loss.

Number series: check differences first, then ratios, then squares, cubes, and alternating or prime-based patterns.

Coding–decoding: identify whether the shift is positional (+n, −n), reversal-based, or letter-value based before applying it to the target word.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender markers; vertical lines for generations and horizontal lines for siblings and spouses avoid most errors.

Direction sense: use a coordinate grid with north up, and remember that a left turn while facing north leads west, while a right turn leads east.

Syllogism: a conclusion follows only if it is true in every possible Venn diagram of the premises; 'some' and 'no' statements need separate diagrams.

Seating arrangement: fix the person or position with the most constraints first, then place the remaining people relative to that anchor.

Clocks: the minute hand gains 5.5° per minute on the hour hand; hands coincide 11 times in 12 hours and are opposite 11 times in 12 hours.

Calendar: a normal year shifts the day of the week by 1, a leap year by 2; the 100-year, 200-year, and 300-year blocks have 5 odd days, and 400 years has 0.

Telangana was formed on 2 June 2014 under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, becoming the 29th state of India.

The Telangana movement's key phases include the 1969 agitation, the 1972 Jai Telangana and Jai Andhra counter-movements, and the 2009–2014 Sakala Janula Samme and Million March.

The 1956 States Reorganisation Act merged Telangana with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh; the Gentlemen's Agreement (1956) contained safeguards that were widely seen as unfulfilled.

Telangana has 33 districts after the 2016 and 2019 reorganisations; Hyderabad is the capital, and Warangal and Karimnagar are other major urban centres.

The Kakatiya dynasty (12th–14th century) ruled from Orugallu (Warangal); the Ramappa Temple and the Thousand Pillar Temple are its architectural landmarks.

Telangana's Deccan plateau lies between the Godavari and Krishna basins; the state has a semi-arid climate with red sandy soils in many districts.

Bathukamma is the floral festival of Telangana, celebrated with a stack of seasonal flowers; Bonalu is a monsoon festival dedicated to the goddess Mahakali.

The Ramappa Temple at Palampet was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021, and the Kakatiya Rudreshwara temple is its formal name.

Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+F find, Alt+Tab switch windows.

In MS Excel, a formula begins with '='; absolute references use $A$1, relative use A1, and mixed references lock only the row or only the column.

Excel functions: SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT (numbers only), COUNTA (non-empty cells), COUNTIF, VLOOKUP, INDEX–MATCH, and IF for conditional logic.

In MS Word, Ctrl+Enter inserts a page break, Ctrl+Shift+8 toggles formatting marks, and F7 runs spell check.

Storage units: 1 byte = 8 bits, 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB, and 1 TB = 1024 GB.

RAM is volatile working memory; ROM is non-volatile; a hard disk and SSD are secondary storage that retain data without power.

An IP address identifies a device on a network; IPv4 is 32-bit, IPv6 is 128-bit, and DNS translates domain names into IP addresses.

Common file extensions: .docx (Word), .xlsx (Excel), .pptx (PowerPoint), .pdf (portable document), .jpg and .png (images), and .mp4 (video).