TGSRTC TST/MST key terms

The time or distance gap between two consecutive vehicles moving in the same lane. Short headways raise capacity but increase collision risk; bus schedules use it to set departure frequency.

The maximum number of vehicles or passengers a road section can carry in a given period under stated traffic and road conditions. It decides lane requirements and bus priority needs.

A letter grade from A to F describing traffic flow quality on a road, based on speed, density and delay. Grade A means free flow; F means forced breakdown.

A common measure that converts mixed traffic into equivalent car spaces, so a bus, truck or cycle-rickshaw is counted as a fixed multiple of one car for capacity analysis.

A condition where traffic demand exceeds available road space, causing reduced speeds, queuing and unpredictable journey times. Bus operators counter it with dedicated lanes and signal priority.

A lane reserved mainly or exclusively for buses so that passengers avoid general traffic delays. Enforcement and clear signage are essential for it to work.

The number of scheduled services passing a stop in a given period, usually expressed as buses per hour. It is the inverse of headway and drives waiting time.

The published schedule listing departure times, route numbers and stop sequences for each service. It is the legal and operational basis for crew duty allocation.

The assigned working period of a driver and conductor, including driving time, rest breaks and sign-on and sign-off points. Duty rules protect fatigue and service reliability.

The maximum time a driver may legally spend at the wheel in a shift or day, with mandatory rest intervals. Limits exist to reduce fatigue-related accidents.

A combustion process in which air is compressed to a high temperature and fuel is injected and ignites without a spark plug. Diesel engines used in buses work on this principle.

The metered delivery of fuel into an engine cylinder or intake at the correct moment and quantity. Timing and atomisation strongly affect power, smoke and fuel economy.

A high-pressure fuel system where a single rail stores pressurised diesel and injectors open electronically. It allows precise injection timing and multiple injections per cycle.

An electronic module that reads sensors and controls fuel injection, ignition or emission functions. It stores fault codes that technicians read during diagnosis.

A standard alphanumeric code stored by a vehicle's control unit when a fault is detected. Reading it with a scanner guides systematic fault finding.

A self-monitoring system in modern vehicles that tracks emission and engine performance and reports faults. It supports inspection, maintenance and pollution compliance checks.

A braking system that uses compressed air to apply brake shoes or pads, common on heavy buses and trucks. Loss of air pressure triggers spring brakes for safety.

The temporary loss of braking power when brakes overheat, usually on long descents or repeated hard stops. Engine braking and retarders help prevent it.

An auxiliary braking device, such as an engine brake or hydraulic retarder, that slows a heavy vehicle without using the service brakes. It reduces brake wear on hills.

A gear assembly that lets the driven wheels turn at different speeds while cornering, while still transmitting engine torque. It is essential for smooth turning of buses.

The gearbox and associated parts that match engine speed and torque to road speed and load. Buses use manual or automatic transmissions with several gear ratios.

A friction device that connects and disconnects the engine from the gearbox, allowing smooth starts and gear changes. It slips briefly under load and wears over time.

The central Indian law governing registration, licensing, insurance, permits, traffic offences and penalties. State rules and transport department notifications operate under it.

An authorisation issued by a transport authority allowing a vehicle to be used as a public service vehicle on specified routes or areas, subject to conditions.

A public service vehicle that carries passengers at separate fares for hire, picking up and setting down at stops along a route. Ordinary city and mofussil buses fall in this class.

A passenger vehicle hired as a whole for a specific journey or purpose rather than picking up individual passengers en route. It is licensed under different permit conditions.

A certificate issued after inspection confirming that a vehicle meets safety and roadworthiness standards. It must be renewed periodically for transport vehicles.

Legally set limits on pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matter released by vehicle exhausts. Vehicles must comply to be registered and operated.

Compulsory cover that pays for injury, death or property damage caused to others by the insured vehicle. It does not cover damage to the insured's own vehicle.

The anniversary observed on 2 June each year, marking the creation of Telangana as the 29th state of India in 2014 after the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act.

The 2014 parliamentary law that divided Andhra Pradesh and created Telangana. It set out provisions on boundaries, assets, water sharing and a common capital period.

The capital of Telangana, founded in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the Musi river. It was a shared capital with Andhra Pradesh for up to ten years after 2014.

A South Indian dynasty that ruled the Telangana region, famous for the Ramappa temple and the thousand-pillar temple at Hanamkonda. Their rule shaped local art and irrigation works.

A major peninsular river that flows through Telangana and supports irrigation and drinking water projects. Its basins and barrages are central to the state's water politics.

The comparison of two quantities and the equation stating two ratios are equal. Problems often ask to divide an amount or find an unknown share.

A fraction expressed with a denominator of 100, used to compare parts of a whole. Converting between fractions, decimals and percentages is a common test skill.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. It is used to find mean speed, mean fare and combined averages of groups.

A software application that stores data in rows and columns of cells and performs calculations with formulas. It is widely used for duty rosters, fare data and reports.

An expression entered in a spreadsheet cell that begins with an equals sign and computes a value from other cells, such as a sum or average.

The address of a spreadsheet cell, such as A1 or B10, used in formulas. Relative references shift when copied, while absolute references stay fixed with dollar signs.

Software for creating and editing text documents, with formatting, tables and printing features. It is used for notices, reports and official correspondence.