Tripura TET Paper I cheat sheet

Piaget's stages with ages: sensorimotor (0–2, object permanence), preoperational (2–7, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7–11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Vygotsky: development follows social interaction; the Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent and assisted performance, bridged by scaffolding and by more knowledgeable peers; inner speech becomes a tool of thought.

Kohlberg's three levels: pre-conventional (punishment-obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethical principles); stages are invariant in order, not in speed.

Erikson's psychosocial stages relevant to primary classes: initiative vs guilt (3–6) and industry vs inferiority (6–12); repeated failure before peers in this stage feeds feelings of inadequacy.

Conditioning: Pavlov's classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned one; Skinner's operant conditioning shapes behaviour through positive/negative reinforcement and punishment; reinforcement increases a behaviour, punishment decreases it.

Intelligence theories: Spearman's general 'g' factor, Thurstone's primary mental abilities, Gardner's multiple intelligences (linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic), Guilford's structure of intellect.

Specific learning disabilities: dyslexia (decoding and reading fluency), dysgraphia (writing and spelling), dyscalculia (number and calculation), dyspraxia (motor coordination); these are not the same as intellectual disability or slow learning.

RTE Act 2009 baseline: free and compulsory elementary education for ages 6–14, no capitation fee or screening, no detention or board examination until completion of elementary education, pupil-teacher ratio 30:1 at primary level, 25% seats in private unaided schools for disadvantaged groups.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation: 'continuous' means regular, small, ongoing assessment; 'comprehensive' means both scholastic and co-scholastic areas; formative assessment is diagnostic and feedback-oriented, summative assessment certifies achievement at the end of a term.

Natural order of language skills is listening, speaking, reading, writing; oral work precedes reading in early primary classes, and writing is the last skill to be consolidated.

Krashen's distinction: acquisition is subconscious, meaning-driven and natural; learning is conscious, rule-focused and typically classroom-based; the affective filter (anxiety, low motivation) blocks intake.

Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device posits an innate universal grammar enabling children to derive rules from limited input; Lenneberg's critical period hypothesis places the easiest window for first-language acquisition before puberty.

Major methods: Grammar-Translation (rules and translation, little speech), Direct Method (target language only, no translation), Audio-Lingual (drills and habit formation), Communicative Language Teaching (functions, interaction, fluency alongside accuracy).

Reading types: skimming for gist, scanning for a specific detail, intensive reading for close comprehension, extensive reading for fluency and pleasure; loud reading tests pronunciation, silent reading tests comprehension.

Teaching aids and techniques: picture talk, story telling, role play, dialogue, language games, poem recitation and dictation each target specific skills - dictation links sound to spelling, picture talk builds oral vocabulary.

Assessment tools in language: cloze tests, comprehension questions (literal, inferential, evaluative), oral tests, project work, portfolio; errors are diagnostic signals and should be corrected selectively, not at every instance.

Figures of speech for content questions: simile (like/as), metaphor (direct comparison), personification (human traits to non-human), alliteration (initial sound repetition), onomatopoeia (sound words), hyperbole (exaggeration).

Eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; a word's part of speech depends on its function in the sentence, not on its form alone.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university), 'the' for specified or unique referents; no article with uncountable and plural nouns used generally.

Passive transformation: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle (matching tense and number), original subject follows 'by' or is omitted; only transitive verbs passivise.

Reported speech: when the reporting verb is in the past, backshift present to past, past to past perfect, will to would; also shift pronouns, and time/place words (now to then, today to that day, here to there).

Subject-verb agreement traps: each/every/either/neither take a singular verb; 'a number of' takes plural, 'the number of' takes singular; collective nouns take a singular verb when acting as one unit.

Prepositions of time: 'at' for clock time and night, 'on' for days and dates, 'in' for months, years, seasons and longer periods; prepositions of place: in (enclosed), on (surface), at (point).

English RP has 44 phonemes: 24 consonants and 20 vowels including 8 diphthongs; a minimal pair (ship/sheep, pin/bin) proves two sounds are separate phonemes and is used for pronunciation testing.

Degrees of comparison: positive, comparative (-er/more for two) and superlative (-est/most for three or more); some adjectives are irregular (good-better-best, bad-worse-worst, many-more-most).

Place value versus face value: in 7,482 the face value of 4 is 4 while its place value is 400; expanded form is 7000 + 400 + 80 + 2.

BODMAS order: Brackets, Of/Orders (powers and roots), Division and Multiplication left to right, then Addition and Subtraction left to right; apply strictly left-to-right within each tier.

Divisibility rules: 2 (last digit even), 3 (digit sum divisible by 3), 4 (last two digits), 5 (last digit 0 or 5), 6 (divisible by 2 and 3), 8 (last three digits), 9 (digit sum divisible by 9), 11 (alternating digit-sum difference is 0 or a multiple of 11).

Two numbers: LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers; LCM of 12 and 18 is 36, HCF is 6, and 36 × 6 = 216 = 12 × 18.

Fraction facts: proper fraction < 1, improper fraction ≥ 1, mixed number = whole + proper fraction; equivalent fractions by multiplying numerator and denominator by the same non-zero number.

Perimeter and area: rectangle P = 2(l + b), A = l × b; square P = 4a, A = a²; triangle A = ½ × base × height; circle circumference = 2πr, area = πr² (π ≈ 22/7).

Average = sum of observations ÷ number of observations; unitary method finds the value of one unit first, then multiplies to the required quantity.

Metric conversions: 1 km = 1000 m, 1 m = 100 cm, 1 cm = 10 mm, 1 kg = 1000 g, 1 L = 1000 mL, 1 hour = 60 minutes, ₹1 = 100 paise.

Roman numeral rules: I, V, X, L, C, D, M; a smaller numeral before a larger one is subtracted (IV = 4, IX = 9, XL = 40) and after it is added (VI = 6, XV = 15); V, L and D are never repeated.

Characteristics of living things: growth, respiration, nutrition, excretion, response to stimuli, reproduction and cellular organisation; a moving object such as a car is non-living because it does none of these itself.

Plant parts and functions: root absorbs water and minerals and anchors; stem supports and transports; leaf makes food by photosynthesis (carbon dioxide + water + sunlight + chlorophyll → glucose + oxygen); flower is for reproduction.

Food chain and web: producer (green plant) → herbivore → carnivore → decomposer; only about 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level, so food chains rarely have more than four or five links.

Water cycle stages in order: evaporation and transpiration → condensation into clouds → precipitation → collection/run-off and infiltration into groundwater.

Air composition: about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gases including carbon dioxide and argon, plus variable water vapour; oxygen supports burning and respiration, carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A → night blindness, vitamin B1 → beriberi, vitamin C → scurvy, vitamin D → rickets, iron → anaemia, iodine → goitre, calcium → weak bones and teeth.

Waste management hierarchy: reduce, reuse, recycle; biodegradable waste (peels, paper, leaves) can be composted, while non-biodegradable waste (plastic, glass, metal) needs recycling or safe disposal.

Rabi crops are sown in winter (October–December) and harvested in spring, e.g. wheat, gram, mustard, potato; kharif crops are sown with the monsoon, e.g. rice, maize, jowar, cotton.

Map and direction basics: four cardinal directions (N, E, S, W) and four intermediate ones; a map key explains symbols, and scale converts map distance to ground distance.