Tripura TET Paper I flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Zone of Proximal Development

The gap between what a learner can do unaided and what they can do with adult or peer guidance. Instruction is most effective inside this zone, supported by scaffolding.

Conservation (Piaget)

The understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same when only the appearance changes. It develops in the concrete operational stage, roughly ages seven to eleven.

Concrete operational stage

Piaget's third stage, about seven to eleven years. Children gain conservation, classification, seriation and reversibility but can reason logically only about concrete, not abstract, situations.

Kohlberg's conventional level

The second level of moral reasoning, where right and wrong are judged by social approval (good boy, good girl) and by law and order. Typical of later childhood and adolescence.

Intrinsic motivation

The drive to act that comes from interest, curiosity or satisfaction in the activity itself rather than external rewards. It sustains learning longer than marks, prizes or fear of punishment.

Dyscalculia

A specific learning disability affecting number sense, arithmetic facts and calculation. It is not caused by low intelligence and calls for multisensory, concrete-to-abstract mathematics teaching.

Scaffolding (Vygotsky)

Temporary support from a teacher or peer, such as hints, models and prompts, that lets a learner complete a task beyond independent ability. Support is gradually withdrawn as competence grows.

Language acquisition versus learning

Acquisition is unconscious, natural and meaning-focused, as with a first language. Learning is conscious, rule-based and usually classroom-bound, often producing knowledge about language without fluency.

Language Acquisition Device

Chomsky's innate mental faculty said to provide universal grammar and the ability to form rules from the speech children hear, explaining rapid first-language acquisition.

Critical period hypothesis

Lenneberg's claim that language is easiest to acquire before puberty; after this window, first-language acquisition and native-like pronunciation become extremely difficult.

Cloze test

A passage with words deleted at regular intervals, which the learner supplies using context and grammar. It measures reading comprehension and overall language proficiency.

Remedial teaching

Planned extra instruction for learners with identified difficulties. It diagnoses the specific error, reteaches through a different method and rechecks progress before moving on.

Communicative language teaching

An approach that organises teaching around real communication and language functions rather than grammar rules; fluency, interaction and meaningful tasks come first, with accuracy developed gradually.

Skimming

Fast reading to grasp the general idea or gist of a text, for example by reading headings and topic sentences. It is not used to find specific details.

Scanning

Fast reading to locate one specific piece of information, such as a date, name or number, while deliberately ignoring everything else in the text.

Minimal pair

Two words that differ in only one phoneme, such as ship and sheep, or pin and bin. Used to teach and test sound discrimination.

Active to passive rule

Move the object to subject position, change the verb to be plus past participle, and place the original subject after 'by' or drop it entirely.

Tense backshift

In reported speech after a past reporting verb, the verb moves one step back: present to past, past to past perfect, will to would.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language, for example the sounds /p/ and /b/ that separate pat from bat.

Place value

The value a digit gets from its position in a number. In 4,503 the 4 stands for four thousand, the 5 for five hundred and the 3 for three.

Divisibility rule for 3

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. For divisibility by 9, the digit sum must be divisible by 9.

LCM

Lowest common multiple: the smallest number that is a multiple of each of the given numbers. The LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.

Proper fraction

A fraction whose numerator is smaller than its denominator, so its value is less than one, for example three-fifths.

Area of a triangle

Half of base times height: A = one-half multiplied by base multiplied by height, where the height is perpendicular to the chosen base.

Average (mean)

The sum of all observations divided by the number of observations. Adding a value above the mean raises it; adding a value equal to the mean leaves it unchanged.

BODMAS

The agreed order of operations: Brackets, Of or Orders (powers and roots), Division and Multiplication from left to right, then Addition and Subtraction from left to right.

Food chain

The path of energy from a producer such as a green plant to herbivores and then carnivores, ending with decomposers; arrows show the direction of energy flow.

Water cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation and transpiration, condensation into clouds, precipitation, and run-off or infiltration back to water bodies and groundwater.

Vitamin A deficiency

It causes night blindness and dryness of the eye. It is prevented by foods rich in vitamin A such as carrots, papaya, green leafy vegetables, milk and liver.

Biodegradable waste

Waste that micro-organisms can break down, such as vegetable peels, paper and fallen leaves; it can be composted instead of being dumped or burnt.

Composition of air

Air is about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases including carbon dioxide and argon, along with a variable amount of water vapour.

Rabi crop

A crop grown in the winter season, sown around October to November and harvested in March to April, for example wheat, gram, mustard and potato.