Tripura TET Paper I key terms

A school assessment system that evaluates students regularly throughout the year and covers both scholastic and co-scholastic areas, rather than relying only on a single end-of-term examination.

The gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable person; instruction is most effective when it targets this range.

Temporary support a teacher or peer gives a learner to complete a task that is currently too difficult, gradually withdrawn as the learner gains competence and can work independently.

A learning theory holding that learners actively build knowledge by connecting new information with prior experience, rather than passively receiving facts transmitted by the teacher.

An approach where children with disabilities and other diverse needs learn in the same regular classroom as their peers, with the curriculum and environment adapted so that all can participate.

A persistent difficulty in acquiring academic skills such as reading, writing, or mathematics that is not explained by low intelligence, poor teaching, or sensory impairment.

The drive to engage in an activity because it is interesting or personally satisfying, not because of external rewards or punishments; it usually supports deeper and more lasting learning.

The variations among learners in abilities, interests, pace, background, and learning style that a teacher must recognise and address through flexible planning and varied classroom activities.

A four-stage sequence - sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational - describing how children's thinking changes qualitatively with age, from concrete experience to abstract reasoning.

Howard Gardner's proposal that people have several relatively independent intelligences, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, rather than one general ability.

The four core language skills - listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Listening and speaking are oral and usually developed first; reading and writing are literate skills that build on them.

A method of teaching early reading that links letters and letter groups to the sounds they represent, helping beginners decode unfamiliar printed words systematically.

Two fast reading strategies: skimming means quickly reading for the general idea or gist, while scanning means looking through a text for a specific detail such as a date or name.

An approach that treats language as a tool for real communication, so lessons emphasise meaningful interaction, functional situations, and fluency rather than only grammar rules and rote memorisation.

The ability to use two languages with reasonable competence. In school it can be an asset; teachers may allow the home language to support understanding while building the second language.

The ability to read a text accurately, at a reasonable speed, and with appropriate expression, which frees attention for understanding meaning instead of only decoding words.

Alternating between two languages within a conversation or lesson. In the classroom it can help learners bridge meaning, though teachers should plan when and how much to use it.

The process by which a learner develops proficiency in a language other than the first language, typically through exposure, interaction, instruction, and practice in and outside school.

The effect of a learner's first language on pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar in the second language, producing patterns such as transferred word order or substituted sounds.

The set of words a learner understands and can use. It grows through reading, listening, discussion, and direct teaching of word meanings and relationships.

The rules that govern how words are arranged into phrases and sentences in a language, including word order, agreement, and the structure of questions and negatives.

The mental process of making meaning from spoken or written language by linking words to prior knowledge and inferring ideas that are not stated directly.

Ongoing checks during teaching - such as questions, quizzes, or observation - used to identify what learners understand and to adjust instruction, rather than to assign final grades.

The value a digit has because of its position in a number; in 352 the 3 means 300, the 5 means 50, and the 2 means 2. It underpins all written calculation.

An intuitive understanding of numbers - their size, order, relationships, and how operations affect them - which helps learners judge whether an answer is reasonable.

A teaching sequence that introduces a mathematical idea first with physical objects, then with pictures or diagrams, and finally with symbols and abstract notation.

Physical objects such as counters, beads, blocks, or fraction strips that learners handle to build mathematical understanding before working with written symbols.

Numbers that represent parts of a whole or parts of a set, written as one number over another, where the denominator shows equal parts and the numerator shows how many are taken.

A mathematical task presented in everyday language rather than as a ready-made equation; the learner must read, identify the relevant information, choose an operation, and solve.

A property of a shape or figure that can be divided into matching halves by a line, or that looks the same after a rotation, reflection, or translation.

Collecting, organising, representing, and interpreting information, usually with tables, pictographs, and bar graphs; at primary level it begins with simple sorting and comparison.

Finding the size of a quantity such as length, mass, capacity, or time by comparing it with a standard unit, and expressing the result with a number and a unit.

A community of living organisms interacting with one another and with non-living parts such as soil, water, and air in a particular area.

The sequence in which energy and matter pass from one organism to another through eating, starting with plants and moving through herbivores to carnivores.

The variety of living things - plants, animals, and microorganisms - found in a place, including the range of species, genetic differences, and ecosystems.

A natural resource that is replenished by natural processes within a human lifetime, such as sunlight, wind, and water, unlike coal or petroleum which are finite.

The continuous movement of water between the earth and the atmosphere through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection, driven mainly by the sun's heat.

A feature or behaviour of an organism that improves its chances of surviving and reproducing in its habitat, such as thick fur in cold regions or roots that store water.

Separating household or school waste into categories such as biodegradable, recyclable, and non-recyclable at the point where it is generated, so that disposal and recycling are easier and safer.

The contamination of air, water, or soil by harmful substances or excessive noise, causing damage to living things and ecosystems; often caused by human activities.