TS EdCET cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: singular subjects take singular verbs; indefinite pronouns like 'each', 'everyone', 'nobody' are singular.

Active vs passive voice: passive = form of 'be' + past participle; use active for clarity unless the doer is unknown or unimportant.

Direct to indirect speech: change pronouns (first person to subject, second to object, third unchanged), tense (present to past, past to past perfect), and time/place words (now→then, here→there, tomorrow→the next day).

Conditionals: zero (present + present), first (present + will), second (past + would), third (past perfect + would have + past participle).

Common prepositions: 'since' with a point in time, 'for' with a duration; 'between' for two, 'among' for more than two.

Figures of speech: simile uses 'like' or 'as'; metaphor states one thing is another; personification gives human qualities to non-human things.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds, 'the' for specific or unique items; no article for general plurals or abstract nouns.

Punctuation: semicolon joins independent clauses; colon introduces a list or explanation; apostrophe shows possession or contraction, not plural.

Indian Constitution: adopted 26 November 1949, enforced 26 January 1950; Dr B.R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); Fundamental Duties in Part IVA (Article 51A), added by the 42nd Amendment (1976).

Telangana formed on 2 June 2014 as the 29th state; Hyderabad is its capital; the state has 33 districts (as of 2024).

Indian space programme: ISRO launched Chandrayaan-3 in 2023, landing near the lunar south pole; Aditya-L1 is a solar observatory.

Current affairs: note recent appointments (Chief Election Commissioner, RBI Governor), major indices (CPI, WPI), and global summits (G20, BRICS, COP).

National symbols: national bird Indian peacock, national animal Bengal tiger, national flower lotus, national fruit mango.

Key dates: Republic Day 26 January, Independence Day 15 August, Constitution Day 26 November, National Education Day 11 November.

Economic terms: GDP = total value of goods and services produced; inflation = sustained rise in price level; repo rate = rate at which RBI lends to banks.

Bloom's taxonomy (revised): Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create - use action verbs to write learning objectives at each level.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0–2), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11), formal operational (11+); learning follows maturation.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development: the gap between what a learner can do alone and with guidance; scaffolding supports bridging this gap.

Kohlberg's moral development: pre-conventional (obedience, self-interest), conventional (social approval, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethics).

Teaching aids: audio (radio), visual (charts, models), audio-visual (video, smartboard); select based on objective, learner age, and content.

Evaluation types: formative (during instruction, feedback), summative (end of unit, grading), diagnostic (before instruction, identifies gaps).

Individual differences: learners vary in intelligence, aptitude, learning style, and socio-economic background; differentiated instruction addresses these.

Inclusive education: adapt curriculum, use multi-sensory methods, provide assistive devices, and ensure barrier-free access for all learners.

Mathematics: quadratic formula x = [−b ± √(b²−4ac)]/(2a); discriminant D = b²−4ac determines nature of roots.

Mathematics: Pythagoras theorem a² + b² = c² for right triangles; area of circle = πr²; volume of sphere = (4/3)πr³.

Physical Sciences: Newton's laws - inertia (1st), F = ma (2nd), action-reaction (3rd); Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI.

Physical Sciences: pH = −log[H⁺]; acids have pH < 7, bases > 7; neutralisation produces salt and water.

Biological Sciences: photosynthesis equation 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (light and chlorophyll); occurs in chloroplasts.

Biological Sciences: human digestive system - ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion; enzymes like amylase, pepsin, lipase act at specific pH.

Social Studies: Indian freedom movement - 1857 revolt, 1885 INC founded, 1919 Jallianwala Bagh, 1930 Dandi March, 1942 Quit India, 1947 Independence.

English methodology: communicative language teaching emphasises interaction; use tasks, role-play, and authentic materials to develop fluency.