TS EdCET key terms

The theory and practice of teaching, covering how learning objectives are planned, how instruction is delivered, and how learner progress is assessed in a classroom.

The natural and developed capacity of a person to understand learners, communicate clearly, manage a classroom, and adapt instruction so that learning actually happens.

An instructional orientation in which the interests, prior knowledge, and active participation of students drive planning and classroom decisions rather than the teacher's lecture alone.

A learning theory holding that learners build new understanding by connecting new information to existing knowledge through experience, reflection, and social interaction rather than passive reception.

The gap between what a learner can do independently and what the learner can achieve with guidance from a more capable person, marking the range where instruction is most productive.

Temporary support such as prompts, models, or worked examples given by a teacher so a learner can complete a task, with the support gradually withdrawn as competence grows.

Ongoing evaluation during teaching, using quizzes, observation, or questioning to identify misunderstandings and adjust instruction, with results usually not counted for final grades.

Evaluation carried out at the end of a unit, term, or course to judge overall achievement against learning outcomes, typically reported as marks, grades, or certificates.

A school assessment scheme that judges learners throughout the year and covers both scholastic subjects and co-scholastic areas such as attitudes, values, and participation, reducing dependence on one final examination.

A hierarchical classification of thinking skills, from remembering and understanding through applying and analysing to evaluating and creating, used to write learning objectives and design questions at varied difficulty.

A precise statement of what a learner should be able to know, do, or value after a lesson or course, written so that achievement can be observed and assessed.

A teacher's structured outline for a single lesson, usually including objectives, prior knowledge, teaching aids, step-by-step activities, and a closing assessment or assignment.

The set of routines, rules, seating, and responses a teacher uses to keep learners engaged, safe, and on task while minimising disruption.

Schooling in which children with disabilities, disadvantaged backgrounds, or diverse languages learn together in mainstream classrooms with suitable adaptations and support.

Variations among learners in ability, pace, motivation, language, and background that require a teacher to use varied methods, materials, and grouping.

A persistent difficulty in acquiring specific academic skills, such as reading or arithmetic, despite average intelligence and adequate instruction, not caused by sensory or emotional impairment.

The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language, such as the difference between the initial sounds of 'pin' and 'bin'.

The smallest meaningful unit of a word; 'unhappiness' contains three, namely 'un-', 'happy', and '-ness'.

The rules governing how words combine into phrases and sentences in a language, including word order and agreement.

Agreement in grammatical features between sentence elements, most commonly between subject and verb in number and person, as in 'She writes' versus 'They write'.

Two ways of presenting the same event: active voice makes the doer the subject, while passive voice makes the receiver the subject and often omits the doer.

Two ways of reporting words: direct speech quotes them exactly within quotation marks, while indirect speech paraphrases them and shifts pronouns and tense appropriately.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag' meaning to reveal a secret.

A verb combined with an adverb or preposition that creates a new meaning, such as 'give up' meaning to stop trying.

A method of teaching early reading that links letters and letter groups to the sounds they represent, helping beginners decode unfamiliar printed words.

The ability to read a passage, identify its main idea and details, infer unstated meaning, and judge the writer's purpose or tone.

A conclusion drawn from evidence in a text or situation rather than stated directly, requiring the reader to combine clues with prior knowledge.

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, including equality, speech, life, and constitutional remedies, enforceable through courts.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution directing governments to promote welfare, social justice, and development; they are not directly enforceable in courts.

The opening statement of the Indian Constitution declaring the source of authority as the people and listing the ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

The 2009 Indian law making free and compulsory elementary education a fundamental right for children aged six to fourteen and setting school norms.

India's three-tier system of local self-government in rural areas, comprising village, block, and district councils, created by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.

A system in which power is constitutionally divided between a central government and regional units, each exercising authority in defined areas.

A seasonal reversal of prevailing winds that brings heavy summer rainfall to South Asia, central to Indian agriculture and water supply.

The mid-twentieth-century adoption of high-yielding crop varieties, irrigation, and fertilisers that sharply raised food-grain output, especially wheat and rice, in India.

The emission of electrons from a metal surface when light of sufficient frequency strikes it, evidence that light carries energy in discrete quanta.

The smallest discrete amount of a physical quantity such as energy or charge, beyond which no further division of that quantity is possible.

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to one of lower water potential, without external energy input.

The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration due to random motion, continuing until equilibrium is reached.

The internal fluid pressure within a plant cell that pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall, keeping non-woody tissues firm.