TSPSC AMVI cheat sheet

Indian polity: the Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; the Preamble was amended once, by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, which added socialist, secular and integrity.

Fundamental Rights occupy Part III (Articles 12-35); the Right to Constitutional Remedies under Article 32 is called the heart and soul of the Constitution by Dr B. R. Ambedkar.

Telangana formation: the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 created Telangana as the 29th state on 2 June 2014, with Hyderabad as its capital for an initial period of ten years.

Percentage: increase = (new - old)/old x 100; successive changes of a% then b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent, where a decrease is entered as a negative value.

Time and work: if A alone takes x days and B alone y days, together they take xy/(x+y) days; the work rate adds as 1/x + 1/y.

Average speed for equal distances at speeds u and v is the harmonic mean 2uv/(u+v), not the arithmetic mean (u+v)/2.

Simple interest = P x R x T/100; compound interest for two years = P[(1 + R/100)^2 - 1], which exceeds simple interest by P(R/100)^2.

Geography: the Godavari is the longest river of peninsular India and rises at Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra; the Krishna rises near Mahabaleshwar.

Basic science: the SI unit of force is the newton, of pressure the pascal, and of power the watt; 1 horsepower equals 746 watts approximately.

Section 3 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 requires a driving licence to drive a motor vehicle in a public place; Section 4 fixes minimum ages of 16 years for a motorcycle without gear up to 110 cc and 18 years for other vehicles.

Section 19 empowers the licensing authority to disqualify a licence holder, and Section 20 covers revocation for offences such as driving by a drunken person; disqualification periods run from the date of the order.

Section 39: no motor vehicle may be driven in a public place without registration; Section 41 requires a certificate of registration, and Section 50 governs transfer of ownership with intimation to the registering authority.

Section 129 mandates a protective headgear (helmet) for riders and pillion riders of two-wheelers; Section 128 restricts seating to a single pillion passenger on a motorcycle.

Section 185 penalises driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, judged by blood alcohol exceeding 30 mg per 100 ml of blood; Section 184 covers dangerous driving.

Section 134 imposes a duty on the driver involved in an accident to stop, secure medical attention, and report to the police within the prescribed time; failure attracts punishment.

Section 146 requires third-party insurance for every motor vehicle used in a public place; Sections 147 and 149 set the requirements of the policy and the insurer's duty to satisfy judgments.

Section 166 provides for compensation claims before a Motor Accident Claims Tribunal; Section 164 allows a no-fault fixed compensation route for death and grievous injury.

Section 194B penalises seat-belt non-use and Section 194C penalises driving without a helmet; Section 196 covers driving an uninsured vehicle.

The Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 are framed under Sections 27, 64, 110 and 137 of the Motor Vehicles Act; Rule 126 deals with the size and condition of tyres, including minimum tread depth.

Rule 125 requires two-wheeler riders to wear a helmet conforming to IS 4151; Rule 138 prescribes the use of safety glass and Rule 100 covers the construction of the driver's seat and controls.

Form 9 is the application for registration, Form 20 the report of a new vehicle for registration, Form 23 the certificate of registration, and Form 51 the certificate of insurance.

Rule 81 prescribes emission limits for in-service vehicles, tested by the PUC (pollution under control) certificate, whose validity is six months for new vehicles extended to one year.

CMVR Rule 96 governs the display of lamps: headlamps, rear lamps, stop lamps and direction indicators, with specific mounting heights and colour requirements.

The Motor Vehicles (Driving) Regulations, 2017 prescribe driving test standards, including the H-test for four-wheelers and the eight-figure test for two-wheelers.

The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 raised many penalties, introduced the National Road Safety Board and the Motor Vehicle Accident Fund, and enabled electronic enforcement and e-challans.

The National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988 and the Road Transport Corporations Act, 1950 govern highway administration and state transport undertakings respectively.

The Carriage by Road Act, 2007 and the Carriage by Road Rules, 2011 regulate goods transport operators, requiring registration of transport vehicles and consignment note documentation.

The chassis comprises the frame, suspension, steering, brakes, wheels, engine and transmission; a ladder frame uses two side members and cross members, while a monocoque body carries loads through the welded body shell.

Clutch: a single-plate dry clutch transmits torque by friction; torque capacity T = mu x n x W x R, where n is the number of friction surfaces, W the clamping force and R the effective radius.

Manual gearbox: gear ratio = number of teeth on driven gear / number of teeth on driving gear; overall ratio multiplies the gearbox ratio by the final drive ratio, and tractive effort = torque x overall ratio / wheel radius.

Final drives: a differential allows the outer wheel to rotate faster during a turn, with speed of the inner and outer wheels related by the track width and turning radius.

Braking: braking distance = v^2/(2 x mu x g) for a vehicle stopping from speed v; the stopping distance adds the thinking distance v x t, where t is the reaction time.

Brake types: disc brakes resist fade better because they are exposed to airflow; drum brakes use leading and trailing shoes and can be self-energising; hydraulic braking relies on Pascal's law.

Steering: Ackermann geometry gives the inner wheel a larger steer angle than the outer wheel; the turning circle radius is R = wheelbase / sin(steer angle) plus the offset to the outer wheel.

Suspension: a quarter-car model uses a spring of stiffness k and a damper of coefficient c; the damping ratio zeta = c / (2 x sqrt(k x m)) and the natural frequency = sqrt(k/m)/(2 pi).

Wheel alignment terms: camber is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel in front view, caster is the tilt of the steering axis in side view, and toe-in or toe-out is the difference in distance between the front and rear of the front wheels.

Four-stroke cycle: intake, compression, power and exhaust occupy two crankshaft revolutions; the compression ratio r = (swept volume + clearance volume)/clearance volume.

Thermal efficiency of an Otto cycle = 1 - 1/r^(gamma-1), where gamma is about 1.4 for air; the Diesel cycle efficiency also depends on the cut-off ratio.

Engine power: indicated power = mean effective pressure x stroke volume x number of power strokes per second; brake power = 2 pi N T/60, with N in revolutions per minute and T in newton metres.

Volumetric efficiency is the actual volume of air inducted divided by the swept volume; it falls with increasing speed because of flow losses in the intake system.

Fuel: petrol is rated by octane number, diesel by cetane number; a higher octane number resists knock in spark-ignition engines, while a higher cetane number shortens ignition delay in compression-ignition engines.

Cooling: a thermostat regulates coolant flow to keep the engine near 80-90 degrees Celsius; a pressurised radiator raises the boiling point by about 1 degree Celsius per 10 kPa of cap pressure.

Lubrication: the Stribeck curve shows boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic regimes; oil viscosity is rated by SAE grades such as 15W-40, where the W number denotes cold-start performance.

Emission control: a three-way catalytic converter simultaneously oxidises CO and HC and reduces NOx only within a narrow air-fuel window near stoichiometric (lambda = 1); a wideband oxygen sensor maintains that window.

Diesel emission control uses exhaust gas recirculation to cut NOx and a diesel particulate filter to trap soot; Bharat Stage VI norms took effect from 1 April 2020 across India.

Battery: a 12 V lead-acid battery has six cells of about 2.1 V each; capacity is rated in ampere-hours at the 20-hour rate, and cold cranking current is measured at -18 degrees Celsius.

Ohm's law and power: V = I x R and P = V x I = I^2 x R; a starter drawing 200 A at 12 V consumes 2.4 kW.

Charging: an alternator produces three-phase AC rectified by a six-diode bridge; the regulator holds about 13.8-14.4 V, and the warning lamp is excited through the field circuit.

Starting: the starter motor is a series-wound DC motor because high starting torque is needed; the solenoid engages the pinion with the flywheel ring gear.

Ignition: a conventional coil ignition uses a turns ratio to step 12 V up to 15-30 kV; electronic ignition replaces contact points with a transistor switch triggered by a sensor.

Lighting: headlamp circuits use relays to limit current through the switch; sealed-beam and halogen lamps differ in filament and gas fill, and LED lamps need current-limiting drivers.

Sensors and actuators: an engine control unit reads the mass air flow, throttle position, coolant temperature, crankshaft position and oxygen sensors, then drives injectors and ignition coils.

Multiplexing: CAN bus is a two-wire differential bus terminated by 120-ohm resistors at each end; voltage difference between CAN-H and CAN-L encodes the dominant and recessive bits.

Electrical faults: a short circuit draws excessive current and blows the fuse, an open circuit gives zero current, and high resistance causes voltage drop measurable with a voltmeter under load.

Fitness certification: under Section 56 a transport vehicle needs a fitness certificate, renewed periodically; the testing station checks brakes, steering, lights, tyres, emission and body condition.

Brake testing: a service brake must decelerate the vehicle at a specified rate and a parking brake must hold it on a gradient; brake efficiency is deceleration expressed as a percentage of g.

Headlamp aim testing uses a beam setter; the cut-off should fall within the prescribed tolerance, with the low beam dipping towards the near side to avoid dazzling oncoming traffic.

Tyre inspection: minimum tread depth for cars is 1.6 mm; cuts, bulges and exposed cords are grounds for rejection, and mismatched tyre sizes on an axle are not permitted.

Accident investigation: the scene is secured, skid marks are measured to estimate speed using v = sqrt(2 x mu x g x d), and the drag factor is adjusted for road surface and gradient.

Momentum conservation at collisions: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2; the coefficient of restitution e = (v2 - v1)/(u1 - u2), with e = 0 for a perfectly plastic impact.

Road safety: the safe following distance uses the two-second rule, and the total stopping distance equals the reaction distance plus the braking distance, growing with the square of speed.

Black spot identification: locations with a high accident frequency per unit length or traffic volume are treated as accident-prone; remedial measures include signage, rumble strips and junction redesign.

Human factors: reaction time averages about 1 second and rises with fatigue, alcohol and distraction; crash severity relates to the change in velocity, delta-v, and the restraint system used.

Indian polity: the Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; the Preamble was amended once, by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, which added socialist, secular and integrity.

Fundamental Rights occupy Part III (Articles 12-35); the Right to Constitutional Remedies under Article 32 is called the heart and soul of the Constitution by Dr B. R. Ambedkar.

Telangana formation: the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 created Telangana as the 29th state on 2 June 2014, with Hyderabad as its capital for an initial period of ten years.

Percentage: increase = (new - old)/old x 100; successive changes of a% then b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent, where a decrease is entered as a negative value.

Time and work: if A alone takes x days and B alone y days, together they take xy/(x+y) days; the work rate adds as 1/x + 1/y.

Average speed for equal distances at speeds u and v is the harmonic mean 2uv/(u+v), not the arithmetic mean (u+v)/2.

Simple interest = P x R x T/100; compound interest for two years = P[(1 + R/100)^2 - 1], which exceeds simple interest by P(R/100)^2.

Geography: the Godavari is the longest river of peninsular India and rises at Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra; the Krishna rises near Mahabaleshwar.

Basic science: the SI unit of force is the newton, of pressure the pascal, and of power the watt; 1 horsepower equals 746 watts approximately.

Section 3 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 requires a driving licence to drive a motor vehicle in a public place; Section 4 fixes minimum ages of 16 years for a motorcycle without gear up to 110 cc and 18 years for other vehicles.

Section 19 empowers the licensing authority to disqualify a licence holder, and Section 20 covers revocation for offences such as driving by a drunken person; disqualification periods run from the date of the order.

Section 39: no motor vehicle may be driven in a public place without registration; Section 41 requires a certificate of registration, and Section 50 governs transfer of ownership with intimation to the registering authority.

Section 129 mandates a protective headgear (helmet) for riders and pillion riders of two-wheelers; Section 128 restricts seating to a single pillion passenger on a motorcycle.

Section 185 penalises driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, judged by blood alcohol exceeding 30 mg per 100 ml of blood; Section 184 covers dangerous driving.

Section 134 imposes a duty on the driver involved in an accident to stop, secure medical attention, and report to the police within the prescribed time; failure attracts punishment.

Section 146 requires third-party insurance for every motor vehicle used in a public place; Sections 147 and 149 set the requirements of the policy and the insurer's duty to satisfy judgments.

Section 166 provides for compensation claims before a Motor Accident Claims Tribunal; Section 164 allows a no-fault fixed compensation route for death and grievous injury.

Section 194B penalises seat-belt non-use and Section 194C penalises driving without a helmet; Section 196 covers driving an uninsured vehicle.

The Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 are framed under Sections 27, 64, 110 and 137 of the Motor Vehicles Act; Rule 126 deals with the size and condition of tyres, including minimum tread depth.

Rule 125 requires two-wheeler riders to wear a helmet conforming to IS 4151; Rule 138 prescribes the use of safety glass and Rule 100 covers the construction of the driver's seat and controls.

Form 9 is the application for registration, Form 20 the report of a new vehicle for registration, Form 23 the certificate of registration, and Form 51 the certificate of insurance.

Rule 81 prescribes emission limits for in-service vehicles, tested by the PUC (pollution under control) certificate, whose validity is six months for new vehicles extended to one year.

CMVR Rule 96 governs the display of lamps: headlamps, rear lamps, stop lamps and direction indicators, with specific mounting heights and colour requirements.

The Motor Vehicles (Driving) Regulations, 2017 prescribe driving test standards, including the H-test for four-wheelers and the eight-figure test for two-wheelers.

The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 raised many penalties, introduced the National Road Safety Board and the Motor Vehicle Accident Fund, and enabled electronic enforcement and e-challans.

The National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988 and the Road Transport Corporations Act, 1950 govern highway administration and state transport undertakings respectively.

The Carriage by Road Act, 2007 and the Carriage by Road Rules, 2011 regulate goods transport operators, requiring registration of transport vehicles and consignment note documentation.

The chassis comprises the frame, suspension, steering, brakes, wheels, engine and transmission; a ladder frame uses two side members and cross members, while a monocoque body carries loads through the welded body shell.

Clutch: a single-plate dry clutch transmits torque by friction; torque capacity T = mu x n x W x R, where n is the number of friction surfaces, W the clamping force and R the effective radius.

Manual gearbox: gear ratio = number of teeth on driven gear / number of teeth on driving gear; overall ratio multiplies the gearbox ratio by the final drive ratio, and tractive effort = torque x overall ratio / wheel radius.

Final drives: a differential allows the outer wheel to rotate faster during a turn, with speed of the inner and outer wheels related by the track width and turning radius.

Braking: braking distance = v^2/(2 x mu x g) for a vehicle stopping from speed v; the stopping distance adds the thinking distance v x t, where t is the reaction time.

Brake types: disc brakes resist fade better because they are exposed to airflow; drum brakes use leading and trailing shoes and can be self-energising; hydraulic braking relies on Pascal's law.

Steering: Ackermann geometry gives the inner wheel a larger steer angle than the outer wheel; the turning circle radius is R = wheelbase / sin(steer angle) plus the offset to the outer wheel.

Suspension: a quarter-car model uses a spring of stiffness k and a damper of coefficient c; the damping ratio zeta = c / (2 x sqrt(k x m)) and the natural frequency = sqrt(k/m)/(2 pi).

Wheel alignment terms: camber is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel in front view, caster is the tilt of the steering axis in side view, and toe-in or toe-out is the difference in distance between the front and rear of the front wheels.

Four-stroke cycle: intake, compression, power and exhaust occupy two crankshaft revolutions; the compression ratio r = (swept volume + clearance volume)/clearance volume.

Thermal efficiency of an Otto cycle = 1 - 1/r^(gamma-1), where gamma is about 1.4 for air; the Diesel cycle efficiency also depends on the cut-off ratio.

Engine power: indicated power = mean effective pressure x stroke volume x number of power strokes per second; brake power = 2 pi N T/60, with N in revolutions per minute and T in newton metres.

Volumetric efficiency is the actual volume of air inducted divided by the swept volume; it falls with increasing speed because of flow losses in the intake system.

Fuel: petrol is rated by octane number, diesel by cetane number; a higher octane number resists knock in spark-ignition engines, while a higher cetane number shortens ignition delay in compression-ignition engines.

Cooling: a thermostat regulates coolant flow to keep the engine near 80-90 degrees Celsius; a pressurised radiator raises the boiling point by about 1 degree Celsius per 10 kPa of cap pressure.

Lubrication: the Stribeck curve shows boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic regimes; oil viscosity is rated by SAE grades such as 15W-40, where the W number denotes cold-start performance.

Emission control: a three-way catalytic converter simultaneously oxidises CO and HC and reduces NOx only within a narrow air-fuel window near stoichiometric (lambda = 1); a wideband oxygen sensor maintains that window.

Diesel emission control uses exhaust gas recirculation to cut NOx and a diesel particulate filter to trap soot; Bharat Stage VI norms took effect from 1 April 2020 across India.

Battery: a 12 V lead-acid battery has six cells of about 2.1 V each; capacity is rated in ampere-hours at the 20-hour rate, and cold cranking current is measured at -18 degrees Celsius.

Ohm's law and power: V = I x R and P = V x I = I^2 x R; a starter drawing 200 A at 12 V consumes 2.4 kW.

Charging: an alternator produces three-phase AC rectified by a six-diode bridge; the regulator holds about 13.8-14.4 V, and the warning lamp is excited through the field circuit.

Starting: the starter motor is a series-wound DC motor because high starting torque is needed; the solenoid engages the pinion with the flywheel ring gear.

Ignition: a conventional coil ignition uses a turns ratio to step 12 V up to 15-30 kV; electronic ignition replaces contact points with a transistor switch triggered by a sensor.

Lighting: headlamp circuits use relays to limit current through the switch; sealed-beam and halogen lamps differ in filament and gas fill, and LED lamps need current-limiting drivers.

Sensors and actuators: an engine control unit reads the mass air flow, throttle position, coolant temperature, crankshaft position and oxygen sensors, then drives injectors and ignition coils.

Multiplexing: CAN bus is a two-wire differential bus terminated by 120-ohm resistors at each end; voltage difference between CAN-H and CAN-L encodes the dominant and recessive bits.

Electrical faults: a short circuit draws excessive current and blows the fuse, an open circuit gives zero current, and high resistance causes voltage drop measurable with a voltmeter under load.

Fitness certification: under Section 56 a transport vehicle needs a fitness certificate, renewed periodically; the testing station checks brakes, steering, lights, tyres, emission and body condition.

Brake testing: a service brake must decelerate the vehicle at a specified rate and a parking brake must hold it on a gradient; brake efficiency is deceleration expressed as a percentage of g.

Headlamp aim testing uses a beam setter; the cut-off should fall within the prescribed tolerance, with the low beam dipping towards the near side to avoid dazzling oncoming traffic.

Tyre inspection: minimum tread depth for cars is 1.6 mm; cuts, bulges and exposed cords are grounds for rejection, and mismatched tyre sizes on an axle are not permitted.

Accident investigation: the scene is secured, skid marks are measured to estimate speed using v = sqrt(2 x mu x g x d), and the drag factor is adjusted for road surface and gradient.

Momentum conservation at collisions: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2; the coefficient of restitution e = (v2 - v1)/(u1 - u2), with e = 0 for a perfectly plastic impact.

Road safety: the safe following distance uses the two-second rule, and the total stopping distance equals the reaction distance plus the braking distance, growing with the square of speed.

Black spot identification: locations with a high accident frequency per unit length or traffic volume are treated as accident-prone; remedial measures include signage, rumble strips and junction redesign.

Human factors: reaction time averages about 1 second and rises with fatigue, alcohol and distraction; crash severity relates to the change in velocity, delta-v, and the restraint system used.