TS-TET Paper 2 cheat sheet

Piaget's four stages are sensorimotor (0–2 years), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11) and formal operational (11+); object permanence appears in the sensorimotor stage and conservation in the concrete operational stage.

Vygotsky holds that learning is social; the Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent performance and assisted performance, and scaffolding is temporary support withdrawn as competence grows.

Kohlberg's three levels are preconventional (punishment–obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy–nice girl, law and order) and postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's school-age stage (6–12 years) is industry versus inferiority; success in school and peer tasks builds competence, while repeated failure builds inferiority.

Classical conditioning (Pavlov) pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus; operant conditioning (Skinner) shapes behaviour through reinforcement, punishment and extinction.

Gardner's multiple intelligences include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic intelligences.

IQ = (mental age / chronological age) × 100; the average IQ is 100, and the standard deviation on Wechsler scales is 15.

Learning disabilities include dyslexia (reading), dysgraphia (writing), dyscalculia (mathematics) and dyspraxia (motor coordination); they are not caused by low intelligence or poor teaching alone.

Formative assessment is ongoing and feedback-oriented; summative assessment is end-of-course and judgemental; Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation combines scholastic and co-scholastic areas.

Language skills develop in the order listening, speaking, reading and writing; oral work precedes written work in the structural approach.

A phoneme is the smallest sound unit that distinguishes meaning; a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit, and a free morpheme can stand alone as a word.

Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device and universal grammar explain innate language capacity; Skinner's behaviourism explains language through imitation, repetition and reinforcement.

Krashen's input hypothesis states that acquisition occurs with comprehensible input slightly above the current level (i+1), while a high affective filter blocks acquisition.

Cummins distinguishes BICS (conversational fluency, about 1–2 years) from CALP (academic language proficiency, about 5–7 years).

Communicative Language Teaching prioritises meaning, fluency and authentic interaction over isolated grammar drills and memorisation.

Telugu and Hindi are written left to right; Urdu is written right to left in the Nastaliq script; Hindi uses Devanagari.

Language assessment tools include dictation, cloze, reading comprehension, oral interview and guided composition; diagnostic testing identifies specific errors before remedial teaching.

Bilingual method uses the learner's mother tongue to explain meaning and reduce confusion while teaching the target language.

Skimming reads for gist or main idea; scanning locates specific information such as dates, names or figures.

Intensive reading analyses short texts for detail and language; extensive reading builds fluency through large quantities of easy material.

Phonics teaches sound–letter correspondences; the sight-word method teaches whole high-frequency words by visual recognition.

Figures of speech: simile compares using like or as; metaphor states a comparison directly; personification gives human traits to non-human things; alliteration repeats initial consonants.

Active voice means the subject performs the action; passive voice means the subject receives it and is formed with be + past participle.

Direct speech quotes exact words; indirect speech reports them and shifts tense, pronouns and time markers according to the reporting verb.

Subject–verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb; indefinite pronouns such as everyone and each are singular.

A cloze test deletes words at intervals and assesses context, grammar and vocabulary; dictation assesses listening and spelling.

The writing process is prewriting, drafting, revising, editing and publishing; a précis condenses a passage to about one-third of its length.

Pythagoras theorem: in a right triangle, a² + b² = c², where c is the hypotenuse.

Quadratic formula: x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / 2a for ax² + bx + c = 0; the discriminant b² − 4ac decides the nature of the roots.

For two positive integers, HCF × LCM = product of the numbers; average = sum of observations / number of observations.

Simple interest SI = P × R × T / 100; compound amount A = P(1 + R/100)^n.

Speed = distance / time; distance = speed × time; 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s.

Ohm's law: V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R; resistance increases with length and decreases with cross-sectional area.

Newton's laws: first law is inertia, second law is F = ma, and third law states that action and reaction are equal and opposite.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in chloroplasts using chlorophyll and sunlight.

The pH scale runs from 0 to 14; pH below 7 is acidic, pH 7 is neutral and pH above 7 is basic; litmus turns red in acid and blue in base.

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); Directive Principles of State Policy are in Part IV and are non-justiciable.

The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age urban culture with grid-planned cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro and an undeciphered script.

The southwest monsoon brings most Indian rainfall from June to September; the Western Ghats and the Bay of Bengal branch influence its distribution.

Telangana was formed on 2 June 2014 as the 29th state, with Hyderabad as its capital and the Godavari and Krishna as major rivers.

GDP is the total market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a year; primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are its components.

Latitude measures north–south position in degrees from the equator; longitude measures east–west position from the Prime Meridian.

Democracy rests on universal adult franchise, rule of law, periodic elections and an independent judiciary; India is a federal parliamentary republic.