TS-TET Paper 2 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Piaget's sensorimotor stage

First Piagetian stage from birth to about 2 years, when infants learn through senses and actions and develop object permanence.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable person.

Kohlberg preconventional level

First level of moral reasoning, in which children obey to avoid punishment or to gain rewards, without internalising social rules.

Operant conditioning

Skinner's learning theory in which behaviour is strengthened or weakened by consequences such as reinforcement, punishment and extinction.

Gardner multiple intelligences

Theory proposing distinct intelligences including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic, rather than a single general ability.

Dyscalculia

A specific learning disability affecting number sense, arithmetic facts and calculation, occurring despite adequate intelligence and instruction.

IQ formula

Intelligence quotient calculated as mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100; average IQ is standardised at 100.

Formative assessment

Ongoing assessment during teaching that provides feedback to learners and teachers and is used to adjust instruction, not mainly to grade.

BICS and CALP

Cummins's distinction between basic interpersonal communicative skills, conversational fluency, and cognitive academic language proficiency needed for school subjects.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, such as /p/ and /b/ in English.

Krashen input hypothesis

Acquisition occurs when learners receive comprehensible input slightly beyond their current level, described as i+1, and anxiety is low.

Communicative Language Teaching

Approach that develops communicative competence through meaningful interaction, authentic tasks and fluency work rather than isolated grammar drills.

Urdu script

Arabic-derived Nastaliq writing system written from right to left; Urdu is the medium for Language I for Urdu-medium candidates.

Skimming

Rapid reading to get the general idea or gist of a text, often by looking at headings, first sentences and key words.

Scanning

Rapid reading to locate specific information such as a date, name or figure without reading every word.

Simile

Figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words like or as, for example as brave as a lion.

Cloze test

Assessment in which words are deleted from a passage at regular intervals and the learner supplies words that fit grammar and meaning.

Active and passive voice

Voice shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon; passive is formed with be plus past participle and often omits the agent.

Subject-verb agreement

Grammatical rule that a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb in the present tense.

Pythagoras theorem

In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: a² + b² = c².

Quadratic formula

Solution x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / 2a for ax² + bx + c = 0, where a is not zero.

HCF-LCM relation

For two positive integers, the product of their highest common factor and lowest common multiple equals the product of the numbers.

Simple interest formula

SI = P × R × T / 100, where P is principal, R is annual rate percent and T is time in years.

Ohm's law

At constant temperature, current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference: V = IR, where R is resistance.

Newton's second law

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to net force and inversely proportional to mass, expressed as F = ma.

Photosynthesis equation

Green plants use sunlight and chlorophyll to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

pH scale

Scale from 0 to 14 measuring acidity or alkalinity; below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral and above 7 is basic.

Constitution adoption date

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.

Fundamental Rights

Part III of the Indian Constitution, Articles 12 to 35, guaranteeing equality, freedom, protection from exploitation, religion, culture and education, and constitutional remedies.

Telangana formation

Telangana became the 29th state of India on 2 June 2014, with Hyderabad as capital and Godavari and Krishna as major rivers.

Southwest monsoon

Seasonal wind system bringing most Indian rainfall from June to September, influenced by the Western Ghats and the Bay of Bengal branch.

Latitude and longitude

Coordinates that fix a place: latitude measures distance north or south of the equator; longitude measures east or west of the Prime Meridian.