UP B.Ed JEE cheat sheet

Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on the Swaran Singh Committee's recommendation; Article 51A lists 11 duties.

Directive Principles (Part IV, Articles 36-51) are non-justiciable; Article 37 states they are not enforceable by any court.

The Preamble's words 'socialist, secular, integrity' were inserted by the 42nd Amendment; 'sovereign, democratic, republic' were original.

Rivers: Brahmaputra is called Tsangpo in Tibet, Dihang on entering India; Ganga is Bhagirathi at source, then Ganga after Devprayag.

Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states, including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram.

Nobel firsts: Rabindranath Tagore (Literature, 1913) was the first Asian Nobel laureate; C.V. Raman won Physics in 1930 for light scattering.

Indian Standard Meridian is 82°30'E, passing near Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh); IST = UTC+5:30.

Basic SI constants: g ≈ 9.8 m/s², speed of light ≈ 3×10⁸ m/s, 1 newton = 1 kg·m/s².

स्वर 11 हैं: ह्रस्व (अ, इ, उ, ऋ), दीर्घ (आ, ई, ऊ), प्लुत (ए, ऐ, ओ, औ) - संख्या और वर्ग याद रखें।

व्यंजन 33 माने जाते हैं; स्पर्श व्यंजन 25 (क-वर्ग से प-वर्ग तक, प्रत्येक वर्ग में 5)।

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वर), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि - जैसे सूर्य+उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि)।

समास के 6 भेद: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि - 'चौराहा' द्विगु, 'दशानन' बहुव्रीहि।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं: 'अनु' = पीछे/समान (अनुकरण), 'अप' = बुरा (अपमान), 'प्रति' = विरुद्ध/ओर (प्रतिदिन)।

प्रत्यय दो प्रकार: कृत् (क्रिया से: पढ़+आई = पढ़ाई) और तद्धित (संज्ञा/विशेषण से: लड़कपन)।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण आवृत्ति), उपमा (सादृश्य, 'सा/सम'), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), यमक (एक शब्द भिन्न अर्थ में दो बार)।

रस के 9 भेद; शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत - शांत रस का स्थायी भाव शम है।

Subject-verb agreement: 'each, every, either, neither, everyone' take singular verbs; 'none' may be singular or plural by sense.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds (a university, a one-rupee coin), 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an MLA).

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + V3) for past action with present relevance; past perfect (had + V3) for the earlier of two past actions.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by' - 'She wrote it' → 'It was written by her'.

Conditionals: Type 1 (if + present, will + V1), Type 2 (if + past, would + V1), Type 3 (if + had + V3, would have + V3).

Preposition pairs: 'comprise' takes no 'of'; 'superior/inferior/prior' take 'to'; 'consist of', 'differ from' (thing) vs 'differ with' (person).

Common error traps: 'one of the + plural noun + singular verb'; 'the number of' singular vs 'a number of' plural.

Vocabulary roots: 'bene' = good, 'mal' = bad, 'cred' = believe, 'dict' = say, 'phil' = love - useful for one-word substitution.

Speed–time: distance = speed × time; average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x+y), not (x+y)/2.

Percentage change: successive changes of a% and b% give net a + b + ab/100 percent.

Simple interest = P×R×T/100; compound interest = P[(1+R/100)^T − 1].

Ratio rule: if a:b = 2:3 and b:c = 4:5, make b common → a:b:c = 8:12:15.

Coding: in letter-series shifts, A=1 … Z=26; reverse position = 27 − forward position.

Blood relations: draw a tree; vertical line = generation, horizontal = spouse/sibling; 'maternal' = mother's side.

Clock: angle = |30H − 5.5M| degrees; hands coincide 11 times in 12 hours.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' + 'All B are C' → 'All A are C'; 'Some A are B' does not convert to 'Some B are A' only when distribution fails - always test with a Venn diagram.

Series check: differences, ratios, squares/cubes, and alternating patterns - verify at least two candidate rules before answering.