UP B.Ed JEE key terms

The five principles of peaceful coexistence agreed between India and China in 1954, covering mutual respect for sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference, equality, and peaceful coexistence.

A grouping of states formed in 1961 that refused to align formally with either the Western or Soviet blocs during the Cold War; India was a founding member under Nehru.

The prolonged geopolitical rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies after 1945, marked by ideological conflict, arms races, and proxy wars rather than direct combat.

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable in courts, covering equality, speech, religion, and protection against exploitation.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution directing governments to promote social and economic welfare; they are not directly enforceable in courts but guide lawmaking.

The introductory statement of the Indian Constitution declaring India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic committed to justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for all citizens.

An international organisation founded in 1945 to maintain peace and security, promote human rights, and foster cooperation; India was a founding member and has served on the Security Council.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, which promotes international collaboration in education, science, and culture and designates World Heritage Sites.

A period from the late 1960s when high-yielding seed varieties, fertilisers, and irrigation sharply raised food-grain output in India, especially wheat in Punjab and Haryana.

India's dairy development programme associated with Operation Flood, launched in 1970, which built cooperative milk networks and made the country a leading milk producer.

A series of centrally prepared economic plans from 1951 to 2017 setting targets for growth and welfare sectors; the first plan prioritised agriculture and irrigation.

The National Institution for Transforming India, a policy think tank created in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission and advise central and state governments on development strategy.

दो या दो से अधिक वर्णों के मेल से होने वाला परिवर्तन; जैसे विद्या + आलय से विद्यालय बनता है। हिंदी व्याकरण का यह प्रमुख वर्ण-परिवर्तन नियम है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद; जैसे राजपुत्र में राजा और पुत्र दोनों अर्थ समाहित हैं। इसके तत्पुरुष, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि आदि भेद हैं।

वह अक्षर या अक्षर-समूह जो शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देता है; जैसे 'प्र' जोड़ने पर गति से प्रगति बनता है।

वह अंश जो शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया अर्थ या भाव बनाता है; जैसे लड़कपन में 'पन' प्रत्यय जोड़कर भाववाचक संज्ञा बनी है।

काव्य में पाठक के हृदय में उत्पन्न होने वाला आनंदमय भाव; श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत और शांत इसके नौ प्रकार माने जाते हैं।

काव्य की शोभा बढ़ाने वाले तत्व; अनुप्रास, उपमा, रूपक आदि शब्दालंकार तथा उपमा और रूपक जैसे अर्थालंकार इसके प्रमुख भेद हैं।

काव्य-रचना में वर्णों या मात्राओं की नियत गणना और यति से बनने वाली लय; चौपाई, दोहा और सवैया इसके परिचित उदाहरण हैं।

वाक्य में कर्ता, कर्म और क्रिया के परस्पर संबंध को दर्शाने वाला व्याकरणिक रूप; कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य और भाववाच्य इसके तीन भेद हैं।

क्रिया से व्यक्त होने वाला समय-बोध; वर्तमान, भूत और भविष्य तीन मुख्य भेद हैं, जिन्हें अपूर्ण, पूर्ण और संदिग्ध रूपों में भी बाँटा जाता है।

वाक्य का वह पद जो किसी कार्य के होने, करने या होने की स्थिति का बोध कराता है; जैसे 'पढ़ना', 'जाना' और 'सोना'।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के शाब्दिक अर्थ से भिन्न लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है; जैसे 'आँख का तारा' का अर्थ अत्यंत प्रिय व्यक्ति होता है।

जन-जीवन के अनुभव से बनी सूक्ति या कहावत, जो पूर्ण वाक्य के रूप में प्रयुक्त होती है; जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा'।

A word that carries the same or a very close meaning as another word in the same language, such as 'begin' and 'commence', though their usage registers may differ.

A word expressing a meaning opposite to another word, such as 'ancient' and 'modern'; the pair must share the same part of speech to be a true opposite.

One of two or more words pronounced alike but spelled differently and having different meanings, such as 'their', 'there', and 'they're'.

A word that shares spelling or pronunciation with another but differs in meaning, such as 'bank' as a riverside and as a financial institution.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag' meaning to reveal a secret.

A verb combined with an adverb or preposition that creates a new meaning, such as 'give up' meaning to surrender, or 'look after' meaning to take care of.

A short, widely known saying that expresses practical wisdom or a moral observation, such as 'A stitch in time saves nine'.

A sentence construction in which the subject performs the action of the verb, as in 'The teacher marked the papers', making the doer prominent.

A construction in which the subject receives the action, formed with a form of 'be' plus the past participle, as in 'The papers were marked by the teacher'.

A group of words containing its own subject and finite verb; it may stand alone as a sentence or function as part of a larger sentence.

A group of related words that functions as a unit within a sentence but lacks both a subject and a finite verb, such as 'in the morning'.

A form of deductive reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from two given premises, typically arranged as major premise, minor premise, and conclusion.

Reasoning that moves from general statements to a specific conclusion that must follow if the premises are true, as in formal logic and syllogisms.

Reasoning that draws a general conclusion from particular observations or examples; the conclusion is probable rather than certain even when the evidence is accurate.

A diagram using overlapping circles to show how sets relate, widely used to test whether categorical statements about groups are consistent with one another.

A reasoning problem that describes family links through statements or symbols and asks the solver to identify how two named people are related.

A problem type requiring the solver to track a person's movement through turns and distances on the four cardinal directions and find the final position or facing.

A puzzle in which people or objects must be placed in a line or around a table according to clues about relative positions, such as immediate left or opposite.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule, such as adding a constant or multiplying by increasing values, where the candidate must supply the missing term.

A reasoning task in which words or numbers are converted into a code by a rule, and the candidate must apply the same rule to encode or decode another item.

A question presenting a pair of related items and asking for a second pair that shares the same relationship, such as part to whole or cause to effect.