UP B.Ed JEE flashcards
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- Article 51A
- Constitutional article listing Fundamental Duties of citizens, inserted by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on the Swaran Singh Committee's recommendation.
- Directive Principles
- Non-justiciable guidelines in Part IV (Articles 36-51) directing state policy toward welfare; Article 37 declares courts cannot enforce them.
- 42nd Amendment
- 1976 amendment adding 'socialist, secular, integrity' to the Preamble and inserting Fundamental Duties; often called the Mini-Constitution.
- Indian Standard Meridian
- 82°30'E longitude passing near Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh; it fixes Indian Standard Time as UTC+5:30.
- Tropic of Cancer in India
- Latitude 23°30'N crossing eight Indian states, from Gujarat through Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.
- First Asian Nobel laureate
- Rabindranath Tagore, who won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature for Gitanjali; C.V. Raman later won Physics in 1930.
- Brahmaputra river names
- Called Tsangpo in Tibet and Dihang on entering India; after joining tributaries in Assam it is named Brahmaputra.
- स्वरों की संख्या
- हिंदी में स्वर 11 माने जाते हैं - ह्रस्व, दीर्घ और प्लुत के भेद से; इन्हें मूल स्वर और संयुक्त स्वरों में भी बाँटा जाता है।
- स्पर्श व्यंजन
- क-वर्ग से प-वर्ग तक 25 व्यंजन; प्रत्येक वर्ग में पाँच व्यंजन होते हैं और कुल व्यंजन 33 माने जाते हैं।
- गुण संधि
- अ/आ के बाद इ/ई आने पर 'ए', उ/ऊ के बाद 'ओ', तथा ऋ के बाद 'अर्' बनता है; जैसे सूर्य+उदय = सूर्योदय।
- द्विगु समास
- जिस समास का पूर्वपद संख्यावाचक हो; जैसे चौराहा, त्रिभुज, नवरात्र - पहला पद संख्या बताता है।
- बहुव्रीहि समास
- जिसमें कोई भी पद प्रधान न होकर तीसरा अर्थ प्रधान हो; जैसे दशानन = दस मुख वाला रावण।
- अनुप्रास अलंकार
- जहाँ एक ही वर्ण की आवृत्ति एक से अधिक बार होती है; जैसे 'चारु चंद्र की चंचल किरणें'।
- शांत रस
- नवाँ रस, जिसका स्थायी भाव शम है और जो संसार की नश्वरता तथा वैराग्य से उत्पन्न होता है।
- कृत् प्रत्यय
- क्रिया या धातु के अंत में जुड़कर नया शब्द बनाने वाला प्रत्यय; जैसे पढ़ + आई = पढ़ाई।
- Subject-verb agreement rule
- Singular indefinite pronouns such as each, every, either, neither and everyone take singular verbs regardless of intervening phrases.
- Article before vowel sound
- Use 'an' before a spoken vowel sound (an hour, an MLA) and 'a' before a consonant sound (a university, a one-rupee coin).
- Present perfect tense
- Formed with has/have plus past participle; expresses a past action linked to the present, often with since, for, already or yet.
- Third conditional
- Structure if + had + past participle, would have + past participle; describes an unreal past situation and its imagined result.
- Passive voice formation
- Object becomes subject, verb becomes a form of be plus past participle, and the doer is introduced by 'by'.
- Comprise usage
- 'Comprise' means 'consist of' and takes a direct object without 'of'; 'comprised of' is widely considered incorrect.
- One of the rule
- 'One of the' is followed by a plural noun but a singular verb, as in 'One of the boys is absent'.
- Prefix bene-
- Latin root meaning 'good' or 'well', seen in benefit, benevolent and benefactor; contrasts with mal- meaning bad.
- Average speed equal distances
- For two equal distances covered at speeds x and y, average speed is 2xy/(x+y), which is the harmonic mean, not the arithmetic mean.
- Successive percentage change
- Two successive changes of a% and b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent, where signs indicate increase or decrease.
- Compound interest formula
- Amount = P(1 + R/100)^T, so compound interest equals P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1]; compounding frequency changes the rate per period.
- Ratio chaining rule
- To combine a:b and b:c, equalise the common term by taking the LCM of its values, then scale both ratios accordingly.
- Reverse alphabet position
- If A=1 to Z=26 forward, the reverse position of a letter equals 27 minus its forward position; Z is 1, A is 26.
- Clock hand angle
- Angle between hour and minute hands equals |30H − 5.5M| degrees, where H is the hour and M the minutes.
- Blood relation tree
- Diagram where vertical lines show generations and horizontal lines show marriage or siblings; 'maternal' refers to the mother's side.
- Syllogism validity test
- Draw a Venn diagram for the premises and check whether a counterexample exists where the conclusion fails; if none, it is valid.