UP Cooperative Bank cheat sheet

Syllogism: from 'All A are B' and 'All B are C' both 'All A are C' and 'Some A are C' follow (assuming A is non-empty); 'Some A are B' converts to 'Some B are A', but 'All A are B' does not convert to 'All B are A'.

Negation rule: 'No A is B' converts validly to 'No B is A'; a conclusion containing a term absent from both premises (illicit major/minor) never follows.

Inequality chain: a definite conclusion needs the same strict direction throughout - A > B ≥ C gives A > C, while A > B < C gives no relation between A and C.

Circular seating: when people face the centre, a person's left is clockwise and right is anticlockwise; when they face outward, left is anticlockwise.

Linear arrangement position arithmetic: position from right = total number of persons − position from left + 1; between-position count = difference of positions − 1.

Direction sense: resolve every move into north–south and east–west components, net them, then apply Pythagoras (√(x² + y²)) for the shortest distance and tan θ for direction.

Alphabet coding: A = 1 … Z = 26; the reverse (opposite) letter value is 27 − n, so the opposite of C (3) is X (24); EJOTY (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) gives quick position recall.

Blood relations: decode descriptive chains step by step (e.g. 'my father's only son' = the speaker himself if male); mother's brother = maternal uncle, father's sister = paternal aunt.

Successive percentage change of a% then b%: net change = a + b + (ab/100) per cent; a rise of 20% followed by a fall of 20% gives a net 4% decrease.

Profit and loss: SP = CP × (100 + P)/100 and CP = SP × 100/(100 + P); for two successive discounts a% and b% the single equivalent discount is a + b − ab/100.

Interest: SI = P × R × T/100; CI = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1]; the CI − SI difference for 2 years is P(R/100)².

Speed–time–distance: D = S × T; convert km/h to m/s by multiplying by 5/18; for equal distances at speeds x and y, average speed = 2xy/(x + y).

Boats and streams: downstream speed = boat + stream, upstream = boat − stream; boat speed = (downstream + upstream)/2, stream speed = (downstream − upstream)/2.

Trains: time to cross a pole = train length/speed; time to cross a platform or another train = (sum of lengths)/(relative speed), using the difference of speeds when moving in the same direction.

Alligation: when mixing a cheaper price c with a dearer price d to get mean m, the ratio is (d − m) : (m − c); the same rule applies to mixtures, averages and partnership shares.

Ratio and proportion: a : b = c : d implies ad = bc; to divide N in the ratio a : b : c, the shares are N × a/(a+b+c), N × b/(a+b+c) and N × c/(a+b+c).

Averages: sum = average × number of items; if one item is replaced and the average rises by x, the new item exceeds the removed item by x × number of items.

Reserve Bank of India: established 1 April 1935 under the RBI Act 1934, nationalised in 1949, headquartered in Mumbai; it issues currency (except the one-rupee note/coin, issued by the Government of India) and acts as banker to the government and to banks.

CRR is the share of net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) that a bank keeps as cash with the RBI; SLR is the share held by the bank itself in cash, gold or approved securities.

Short-term cooperative credit structure is three-tier: State Cooperative Bank (state apex) → District Central Cooperative Bank (district) → Primary Agricultural Credit Society (village level); long-term lending is handled by SCARDBs and PCARDBs.

NABARD, set up on 12 July 1982 on the Sivaraman Committee recommendation, is the apex development bank for agriculture and rural credit and refinances PACS through DCCBs.

DICGC, a wholly owned RBI subsidiary, insures deposits up to ₹5 lakh per depositor per bank, covering principal plus interest across all branches of the same bank.

Priority sector lending target is 40% of adjusted net bank credit (ANBC) for domestic scheduled commercial banks, with a sub-target of 18% for agriculture; RRBs and small finance banks carry a 75% overall target.

Basel III in India: minimum CET-1 capital 5.5%, Tier-1 capital 7% and total capital (CRAR) 9%, plus a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%, giving an effective CRAR of 11.5%.

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 governs promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheques; a cheque is valid for three months from the date written on it, and Section 138 deals with dishonour for insufficient funds.

Cooperative banks face dual regulation - banking functions under RBI (Banking Regulation Act, 1949 as applied to cooperative societies, amended in 2020) and management/registration matters under the state Registrar of Cooperative Societies.

Subject–verb agreement: 'one of + plural noun' takes a singular verb ('One of the officers is'); 'a number of' takes a plural verb while 'the number of' takes a singular verb.

Each, every, either, neither, everyone and somebody are singular and take singular verbs and singular pronouns ('Neither of the clerks was present').

Articles depend on sound, not spelling: 'an' before a vowel sound (an hour, an MBA, an FCI officer) and 'a' before a consonant sound (a university, a one-rupee note, a European).

Prepositions: 'since' takes a point of time and 'for' a duration; 'between' is for two and 'among' for more than two; 'discuss' and 'order' take no preposition.

Comparison: the comparative takes 'than', except senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior and preferable, which take 'to' ('superior to', not 'superior than').

Correlative pairs: 'No sooner … than', 'Hardly/Scarcely … when', 'Not only … but also', 'Neither … nor'; with 'No sooner' and 'Hardly' at the start, the auxiliary precedes the subject (inversion).

Commonly confused pairs: affect (verb) / effect (noun), principal (head, main) / principle (rule), advice (noun) / advise (verb), stationary (not moving) / stationery (paper).

Idioms for cloze and error spotting: 'bite the bullet' = endure a painful situation bravely; 'at the drop of a hat' = instantly; 'a blessing in disguise' = an apparent setback that turns out well.

Reading comprehension and cloze: the correct option must match the tense, number and pronoun of the surrounding text, and a connector must fit the logical relation (contrast, cause, addition) between the clauses.

Memory units: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB; 1 TB = 1024 GB.

RAM is volatile read/write working memory that loses data on power-off; ROM is non-volatile; the speed hierarchy is registers → cache → RAM → secondary storage.

Standard shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+A select all, F2 rename, Alt+F4 close window, Ctrl+Home go to the start of a document.

Computer generations: first - vacuum tubes; second - transistors; third - integrated circuits; fourth - microprocessors (VLSI); fifth - artificial intelligence and parallel processing.

Operating system duties: process management, memory management, file management and device (I/O) management; examples are Windows, Linux, Unix and macOS, while MS-DOS is a command-line OS.

Networking basics: LAN covers a small area such as an office, WAN spans large distances, the internet is a global network of networks; HTTP/HTTPS, FTP and SMTP are protocols, and a URL gives the address of a web resource.

Security terms: phishing is a fraudulent email or site that steals credentials, a firewall filters incoming and outgoing network traffic, and malware includes viruses, worms and trojans.

MS Excel: every formula begins with '=', a cell reference such as A1 is relative while $A$1 is absolute, and SUM(A1:A10) adds the range.

Binary basics: each bit is 0 or 1; the binary 1010 equals decimal 10, and 1 nibble = 4 bits while 1 word is the number of bits a CPU processes at a time.

Tense consistency: a past-tense main clause is normally followed by a past-tense subordinate clause ('He said that he was ill'), except for universal truths.

Active to passive: the object becomes the subject and the verb becomes be + past participle ('The clerk issued the receipt' → 'The receipt was issued by the clerk').

Direct to indirect speech: present tenses shift to past, 'today' becomes 'that day', 'tomorrow' becomes 'the next day', and 'this' becomes 'that'.

'Since' in a time clause is followed by a past simple verb and the main clause takes present perfect ('He has worked here since he joined in 2019').

Countable and uncountable nouns: 'much/little/fewer' patterns - 'many/few' with countable nouns, 'much/little' with uncountable nouns, 'fewer' with countables and 'less' with uncountables.

Question tags mirror the auxiliary and reverse the polarity: a positive statement takes a negative tag ('She is a clerk, isn't she?') and a negative statement a positive tag.

Redundancy to avoid in error spotting: 'return back', 'discuss about', 'repeat again', 'more better', 'one of my friend' (should be 'friends').