UP Police Constable key terms

An imaginary latitude about 23.5° north of the equator. It passes through eight Indian states, including Uttar Pradesh near Lucknow, and marks the northern limit of the sun's direct overhead rays.

Seasonal wind system that reverses direction between summer and winter. The southwest monsoon brings most of India's annual rainfall between June and September, and its timing shapes agriculture and rural incomes.

A large Hindu pilgrimage fair held at four rotating sites, including Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh. Held roughly every twelve years at each site, it involves ritual bathing and attracts millions of pilgrims.

An archaeological site near Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, where the Buddha is said to have delivered his first sermon. Its Dhamek Stupa and lion capital, now India's national emblem, are key heritage features.

A package of high-yielding seeds, irrigation, fertilisers and credit introduced in India from the mid-1960s. It sharply raised wheat and rice output, especially in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh.

The decennial count of India's population conducted by the Registrar General. It records demographic details for every household and is the main source for population and literacy figures asked in exams.

A place of outstanding cultural or natural value inscribed on a list maintained by the United Nations. India has many entries, including the Taj Mahal and Fatehpur Sikri in Uttar Pradesh.

दो वर्णों या ध्वनियों के मेल से उत्पन्न विकार को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। हिन्दी में स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि मुख्य रूप से पढ़ी जाती हैं।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में तत्पुरुष, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव समास पूछे जाते हैं।

काव्य में सौंदर्य या चमत्कार उत्पन्न करने वाली शब्द-योजना को अलंकार कहते हैं। अनुप्रास, उपमा, रूपक और उत्प्रेक्षा जैसे अलंकार शब्दों और अर्थ के स्तर पर प्रभाव पैदा करते हैं।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जिसका शब्दशः अर्थ ग्रहण न करके विशेष लाक्षणिक अर्थ निकाला जाता है, जैसे 'आँख का तारा' का अर्थ अत्यंत प्रिय व्यक्ति। यह वाक्य में प्रायः क्रिया की तरह प्रयुक्त होता है।

जनसमुदाय के अनुभव पर आधारित पूर्ण वाक्य जो उपदेशात्मक अर्थ देता है, जैसे 'अब पछताए होत क्या, जब चिड़ियाँ चुग गईं खेत'। इसमें वाक्य अपने आप में पूर्ण होता है।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी मूल शब्द के पहले जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देता है, जैसे 'प्र' + 'हार' = प्रहार। हिन्दी में 'अन', 'प्रति', 'सु' और 'नि' जैसे उपसर्ग सामान्य हैं।

संस्कृत से अपरिवर्तित रूप में हिन्दी में आए शब्द तत्सम हैं, जैसे अग्नि; जबकि परिवर्तित रूप में प्रचलित शब्द तद्भव हैं, जैसे आग। यह भेद शब्द-भंडार संबंधी प्रश्नों में पूछा जाता है।

The smallest positive number that is an exact multiple of two or more given numbers. For 4 and 6 it is 12. LCM problems often appear as questions about bells ringing together or lights flashing together.

The largest number that divides two or more given numbers exactly without leaving a remainder. For 12 and 18 it is 6. It is used to split things into the largest possible equal groups.

A fraction expressed with 100 as the denominator and written with the % sign. It is used to compare quantities and to compute discounts, marks and interest, and converts to a decimal by dividing by 100.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. It gives a single representative figure and is used in questions about runs scored, marks obtained, ages and monthly expenditure.

Ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, such as 3:4, while proportion states that two ratios are equal. These concepts underlie partnership, mixture and scaling questions in arithmetic.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula P × R × T ÷ 100. Unlike compound interest, it does not earn interest on the interest already added.

A rule fixing the order of operations in arithmetic: Brackets, Of or Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction. Following it correctly prevents errors in simplification questions.

A reasoning question that asks you to identify the relationship between one pair of items and apply the same relationship to a second pair, choosing the missing item from the options.

Questions in which words or numbers are written in a coded form according to a fixed rule. You must detect the rule from the given examples and then apply it to find the required answer.

Reasoning problems describing family relationships in words, requiring you to work out how two people are related. Drawing a small family tree on rough paper avoids confusion in such questions.

Problems about a person moving in different directions, where you must find the final position or the direction faced. Sketching the path with north kept upward makes them much easier.

A logical problem giving two or more statements treated as true, from which you must decide which conclusions necessarily follow. Venn diagrams help test whether each conclusion is valid.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden pattern, such as adding 3, doubling, or alternating two rules. The task is to identify the rule and find the missing or wrong term.

Basic rights guaranteed to citizens under Part III of the Indian Constitution, including equality, freedom of speech, and protection of life and personal liberty. They are enforceable in the High Courts and the Supreme Court.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing the state to promote social and economic welfare. They are not enforceable in courts but are described as fundamental in the governance of the country.

The opening statement of the Constitution declaring India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and listing justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives the Constitution seeks to secure.

First Information Report, the written record police prepare when they first receive information about a cognizable offence. It sets the investigation in motion and a copy is given to the complainant free of cost.

An offence for which police may register a case and arrest a suspect without a warrant, such as murder or robbery. Non-cognizable offences need a magistrate's order before investigation.

The criminal code that replaced the Indian Penal Code from 1 July 2024. It defines offences and their punishments, and current police recruitment exams test its sections along with the older IPC scheme.

At constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends, giving V = IR. It is a basic relation frequently tested in general science.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen. Chlorophyll in the leaves absorbs the light energy needed to drive this reaction.