UPSESSB TGT/PGT cheat sheet

Bloom's revised taxonomy order (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001): Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; the first three are lower-order, the last three higher-order objectives.

Constructivist learning theory (Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner) holds that learners build knowledge from prior experience; the teacher's role is facilitator, not transmitter, and assessment is process-oriented.

In mathematics, the order of operations is BODMAS/PEMDAS; a quadratic ax²+bx+c=0 has roots given by x = [-b ± √(b²-4ac)]/2a, and the discriminant b²-4ac decides the nature of roots.

In physics, Newton's three laws, the work-energy theorem (W = ΔKE), and Ohm's law (V = IR) are recurring exam staples; SI units must always accompany numerical answers.

In chemistry, the mole concept (1 mol = 6.022 × 10²³ particles) and the pH scale (pH = -log[H⁺]; below 7 acidic, above 7 basic) are high-yield facts.

In biology, mitosis produces two identical diploid cells while meiosis produces four haploid gametes; DNA replication is semi-conservative (Meselson-Stahl).

In language subjects, figures of speech must be identified by definition: simile uses like/as, metaphor states identity, personification gives human traits to non-human things, and oxymoron joins contradictory terms.

Subject-specific pedagogy (PCK, Shulman) requires converting content into forms learners can grasp: analogies, examples, representations, and common misconception diagnosis.

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12-35); the Right to Education (Article 21A) was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002.

The Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) passes through eight Indian states, including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.

The Himalayas are young fold mountains; the Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, running parallel to India's western coast.

The monsoon is driven by differential heating of land and sea; the southwest monsoon (June-September) brings most of India's annual rainfall.

Key economic indicators: GDP measures output within borders, GNP adds net factor income from abroad, and the Human Development Index combines health, education, and income.

The United Nations was founded in 1945; its principal organs include the General Assembly, Security Council, and International Court of Justice at The Hague.

Indian polity: the President is the constitutional head, the Prime Minister heads the real executive, and the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

हिंदी वर्णमाला में 11 स्वर और 33 व्यंजन होते हैं; स्वर के तीन भेद हैं-ह्रस्व, दीर्घ और प्लुत।

वर्णों के उच्चारण-स्थान के आधार पर व्यंजन के वर्ग: कंठ्य (क-ङ), तालव्य (च-ञ), मूर्धन्य (ट-ण), दंत्य (त-न), ओष्ठ्य (प-म)।

संधि के तीन प्रकार हैं-स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि; जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ स्वर संधि)।

समास के छह भेद हैं-तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव; राजपुत्र तत्पुरुष का उदाहरण है।

अलंकार दो प्रकार के होते हैं-शब्दालंकार (अनुप्रास, यमक, श्लेष) और अर्थालंकार (उपमा, रूपक, उत्प्रेक्षा, अनुप्रास नहीं)।

रस के नौ भेद हैं: श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत और शांत; श्रृंगार को रसराज कहा जाता है।

कारक के आठ भेद हैं-कर्ता, कर्म, करण, संप्रदान, अपादान, संबंध, अधिकरण और संबोधन; 'ने' कर्ता कारक का चिह्न है।

हिंदी की प्रमुख बोलियाँ: ब्रज, अवधी, मैथिली, भोजपुरी, मगही, मारवाड़ी, बुंदेली; मानक हिंदी खड़ीबोली पर आधारित है।

The 12 tenses combine four aspects (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous) with three times (present, past, future); perfect tenses use have/has/had + past participle.

Active to passive: the object becomes the subject, the verb becomes be + past participle, and the agent is optional with 'by'; tense and number must remain consistent.

Reported speech shifts tense back one step (present to past, past to past perfect) and changes pronouns and time words (now to then, today to that day).

Conditionals: zero (if + present, present), first (if + present, will + base), second (if + past, would + base), third (if + past perfect, would have + participle).

Articles: 'a/an' for indefinite singular count nouns, 'the' for definite or unique reference, and no article for generic plurals and abstract nouns used generally.

Common error traps: 'one of the' takes a plural noun and singular verb; 'each/every' takes a singular verb; 'neither...nor' agrees with the nearer subject.

Figures of speech: simile (like/as), metaphor (direct comparison), hyperbole (exaggeration), personification (human qualities to objects), and irony (meaning opposite to words).

Reading comprehension strategy: identify the main idea, distinguish stated fact from inference, and use context clues rather than literal dictionary meaning for vocabulary items.

Herbart's five formal steps: preparation, presentation, association, generalisation, and application; these underlie the lesson-plan format used in Indian teacher exams.

Bloom's taxonomy (1956) had six cognitive levels: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation; the 2001 revision replaced the top two with evaluate and create.

Formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic (quizzes, observation, feedback); summative assessment is terminal and certifying (term exams, board exams).

Validity means a test measures what it claims to measure; reliability means consistency across repeated administrations; a test can be reliable but not valid.

Teaching aids: audio (radio, tape), visual (charts, models, maps), and audio-visual (film, TV, computer); aids should match the objective and the learners' level.

Individual differences (intelligence, aptitude, readiness, learning style) require differentiated instruction, remedial teaching, and flexible pacing.

Kohlberg's moral development: pre-conventional (obedience, self-interest), conventional (social approval, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethics).

Inclusive education places children with disabilities in regular classrooms with support; the RTE Act, 2009 mandates free and compulsory education for ages 6-14.

NEP 2020 replaces the 10+2 structure with a 5+3+3+4 design covering ages 3-18, and sets a target of 6% of GDP as public education spending.

NEP 2020 introduces the National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) and the NIPUN Bharat scheme for foundational learning by Grade 3.

The National Credit Framework (NCrF) and Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) enable credit accumulation and multiple entry/exit in higher education.

NTA (National Testing Agency) conducts entrance exams such as CUET, JEE Main, and NEET; CUET was introduced to standardise university admissions.

Digital initiatives: DIKSHA for teacher resources, SWAYAM for online courses, PM e-VIDYA for multi-mode learning, and NISHTHA for teacher training.

RTE Act, 2009 provisions include no detention until completion of elementary education (subject to amendment) and a ban on screening at admission.

Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) aims at inclusive, equitable, quality education and lifelong learning for all by 2030.

Teacher education reform under NEP 2020 mandates a 4-year integrated B.Ed. as the minimum degree by 2030, with the ITEP framework.