UPSESSB TGT/PGT flashcards
UPSESSB TGT/PGT · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Bloom's revised taxonomy
- Six cognitive levels ordered from lower to higher: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create. Used to frame learning objectives and assessment questions in teacher exams.
- Formative vs summative assessment
- Formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic, giving feedback during learning; summative assessment is terminal and certifying, measuring achievement at the end of a course.
- Validity and reliability
- Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. Reliability is consistency of results across repeated administrations. A reliable test may still be invalid.
- Herbart's five steps
- Preparation, presentation, association, generalisation, and application. These formal steps structure a lesson plan in the Herbartian model used in Indian teacher-education syllabi.
- Constructivism
- A learning theory holding that learners actively build knowledge from prior experience and social interaction. Teachers facilitate rather than transmit, and assessment focuses on process.
- Inclusive education
- Placing children with disabilities in regular classrooms with appropriate support services. The RTE Act, 2009 mandates free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14.
- RTE Act, 2009
- Indian law making free and compulsory elementary education a fundamental right under Article 21A. It prohibits capitation fees and screening at admission, and sets pupil-teacher ratios.
- NEP 2020 structure
- Replaces 10+2 with a 5+3+3+4 design covering ages 3-18. It targets 6% of GDP as public education spending and mandates a 4-year integrated B.Ed. by 2030.
- NIPUN Bharat
- A national mission launched under NEP 2020 for foundational literacy and numeracy, aiming for every child to attain foundational learning by the end of Grade 3.
- Academic Bank of Credits
- A digital store of academic credits earned by a student, enabling multiple entry and exit, credit transfer, and credit accumulation across higher-education institutions in India.
- SDG 4
- The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 seeks inclusive, equitable, quality education and promotes lifelong learning opportunities for all by the year 2030.
- DIKSHA platform
- A national digital platform for teachers offering e-content, courses, and QR-coded textbook resources. It supports teacher training and classroom resources across school subjects.
- Fundamental Rights
- Constitutional guarantees in Part III (Articles 12-35) of the Indian Constitution, including equality, freedom, and the Right to Education added by the 86th Amendment, 2002.
- Tropic of Cancer in India
- The 23.5° N latitude passes through eight Indian states, including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
- GDP versus GNP
- GDP measures output produced within a country's borders. GNP adds net factor income from abroad. Both are key national income aggregates used in economics questions.
- Human Development Index
- A composite index combining life expectancy, education (mean and expected years of schooling), and per capita income. It ranks countries by human development, not income alone.
- Western Ghats
- A mountain range parallel to India's western coast, recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a global biodiversity hotspot with high endemism of flora and fauna.
- Southwest monsoon
- The seasonal wind system from June to September driven by differential heating of land and sea, bringing most of India's annual rainfall and shaping its agriculture.
- हिंदी वर्णमाला
- हिंदी में 11 स्वर और 33 व्यंजन होते हैं। स्वर के तीन भेद हैं-ह्रस्व, दीर्घ और प्लुत। व्यंजन उच्चारण-स्थान के आधार पर वर्गीकृत किए जाते हैं।
- संधि के भेद
- संधि तीन प्रकार की होती है-स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि। विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय दीर्घ स्वर संधि का उदाहरण है।
- समास के भेद
- समास के छह भेद हैं-तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव। राजपुत्र तत्पुरुष समास का उदाहरण माना जाता है।
- रस के नौ भेद
- श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत और शांत। श्रृंगार रस को रसराज कहा जाता है।
- कारक के आठ भेद
- कर्ता, कर्म, करण, संप्रदान, अपादान, संबंध, अधिकरण और संबोधन। 'ने' कर्ता कारक का विभक्ति-चिह्न है।
- अलंकार के प्रकार
- शब्दालंकार में अनुप्रास, यमक और श्लेष आते हैं; अर्थालंकार में उपमा, रूपक और उत्प्रेक्षा आते हैं। ये काव्य-सौंदर्य बढ़ाते हैं।
- Conditional sentences
- Four types: zero (if + present, present), first (if + present, will + base), second (if + past, would + base), third (if + past perfect, would have + participle).
- Active to passive voice
- The object becomes the subject, the verb becomes be + past participle, and the agent follows 'by' when retained. Tense and number must remain consistent with the original.
- Reported speech shift
- When the reporting verb is past, tense shifts one step back, pronouns change by person, and time-place words change (now to then, today to that day, here to there).
- Article usage rules
- Use 'a/an' for indefinite singular count nouns, 'the' for definite or unique reference, and no article for generic plurals and abstract nouns used in a general sense.
- Subject-verb agreement traps
- 'One of the' takes a plural noun with a singular verb; 'each/every' takes a singular verb; 'neither...nor' agrees with the nearer subject; collective nouns vary by sense.
- Figures of speech
- Simile compares using like or as; metaphor states identity; personification gives human traits to non-human things; hyperbole exaggerates; irony says the opposite of the intended meaning.
- Quadratic formula
- For ax² + bx + c = 0, the roots are x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / 2a. The discriminant b² - 4ac determines whether roots are real, equal, or complex.
- Mole concept
- One mole contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's number) and equals the molar mass in grams. It converts between mass, particle number, and volume at STP.